Question

1. trace vascular flow from the renal artery to the golmerulus to the renal vein.

2. describe filtrate formation from Bowman's capsule to excretion.

3. discuss the location of nephron processes

Answer 1

1)

• Blood flows from Renal artery ------> Interlobar arteries-------->Arcuate arteries------>Interlobular arteries---->Afferent arterioles-------->Glomerular capillaries-------->Efferent arterioles------->peritubular capillaries / vasarecta ------>inter lobular veins------->Arcuate veins-------->Interlobar veins------>Renal vein.

2)

• Filtrate entering Bowman's capsule flows in a sequence through proximal tubules , loop of  henle , distal tubules, connecting segment , collecting duct.
• Filtrate entering into proximal convoluted tubule, most of the water , glucose and amino acid are reabsorbed here.
• Resulting filtrate enter into henle's loop where electrolytes like sodium and potassium are reabsorbed.
• Tubular secretion occur from distal convoluted tubule, then the fluid passed into collecting duct ,where some urea and a lot of water get reabsorbed .
• The filtrate then enter into Papillary ducts ---->Minor calyces------>Major calyces ------>Pelvis------> Ureter------->Urinary bladder--------> urethra.

3)

• Nephron is functional unit of kidney, which is responsible for removing waste from the body.
• Each kidney composed of over one million nephrons that dots renal cortex, giving granular appearance when sectioned sagittaly.
• 85% of the nephrons are cortical nephrons , deep in the renal cortex ,remaining 15% are juxtamedullary nephrons which lie in renal cortex but very close to renal medulla.
• Glomerulus is a interwined group of capillaries with in the kidney's nephron that filter blood to make urine.
• Henle's loop is a structure in kidney's nephron which is connecting proximal convoluted tubule to distal convoluted tubule.
• Glomerulus and convoluted tubules are located in the cortex of kidney , while collecting ducts are locetd in the pyramids of kidney's medulla,
• PCT is located closes to gloemrulus,loop of Henle with ascending and Descending limbs pass into renal medullaand DCT is restricted to renal cortex.