Describe in detail the action potential of an SA nodal cell of the heart. Be sure to names the phases, include the main types of membrane proteins involved, how they are opened, the movements of ions, and the changes in membrane potential. Explain how this type of action potential is different from that seen in a skeletal muscle cell and why the difference(s) are significant.

Explain how the sympathetic nervous system (and endocrine system) act Directly to regulate heart rate and thus cardiac

output. Include a detailed description of the mechanism (include the target cells, the proteins, signaling molecules, ions,

and changes in membrane pontial where appropriate) and explain how the mechanism operates to alter heart rate.

Explain how the parasympathetic nervous system acts to Directly regulate cardiac output (1 mechanism).

Discuss each mechanism separately including a detailed description of each mechanism (include the target cells,

the proteins, signaling molecules, ions, and changes in membrane pontial where appropriate). Make clear how

each affects cardiac output. This should require about half a page.

Explain in detail the Frank-Starling law of the heart. Be sure to define what it is, and describe how it operates (the mechanism). Explain why it is an important way that cardiac output is regulated. Demonstrate your understanding by describing a particular scenario when it would operate and its significance.

Describe in detail excitation-contraction coupling in myocardial cells. Be sure to include the main types of

membrane proteins involved, and the changes in membrane potential, the movements of ions and other

structures involved. Explain how excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle cells is different from

excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle cells. Explain how cardiac muscle cells relax.

Describe in detail the action potential of myocardial contractile cells. Be sure to names the phases, include the main types of membrane proteins involved, how they are opened, the movements of ions, and the changes in membrane potential. Explain how this type of action potential is different from that seen in a skeletal muscle cell and why the difference(s) are significant.

Ashley drinks 0.75 L of hypertonic saline. Describe, in detail, how different physiological systems in Ashley’s body will respond after drinking 0.75 L of hypertonic saline in order to try to achieve homeostasis.

MULTIPLE CHOICE:

1. Working to maintain resting levels in the neuron, sodium-potassium pumps use ________% of
              the brain’s total energy.
              a. 10-15                                        c. 20-40
              b. 18-22                                        d. 35-50

2. When calcium flows into the terminal, it causes
              a. the vesicles to fuse with cell membranes to release neurotransmitters into the synapse.
              b. magnesium to move to the post-synaptic neuron’s channels.
              c. the hillock to interpret an action potential.
              d. all of the above to happen.
3. Because potassium channels are a little slow to close,
              a. the cell becomes hyperpolarized         c. the brain gets confused
              b. neurons become malnourished           d. all of the responses are correct

4. Which of the following is NOT a facilitated end-result of secondary messengers?
              a. synaptogenesis                                                    c. short-term memory
              b. neurotransmitter synthesis and release              d. all of the responses are correct
5. Which of the following regarding saltatory conduction is true?
              a. For it to occur, there must be an excessive amount of sodium in the vesicles.
              b. The action potential is transmitted faster when myelin is present because of the process of
                           saltatory conduction.
              c. It is a process that is imperative for astrocytes to form.
              d. All of the responses are correct.
6.   When more glutamate is present, the AMPA channel
              a. remains open longer                                           c. is unaffected
              b. remains open a shorter period of time              d. often is corrupted

Cross bridge formation involves _______. Question 7 options:

a) actin and myosin sliding past each other and slightly overlapping

b) actin and myosin lengthening in order to slide past each other

c) the shortening of thin filaments so the thick filaments slide past

d) the Z discs sliding over myofilaments

e) the shortening of thick filaments so that thin filaments slide past

How can you relate what you have learned in Anatomy and Physiology about the integumentary system (skin) to your daily life?

This writing should contain how something you learned in class affected or impacted your life or understanding of science and health-related matters.

Explain how your new knowledge changed the outcome of your understanding of this event. It cannot be just a story, make sure to provide detailed anatomy and/or physiology to make your point

Why would blood pressure and heart rate increase under some circumstances but not others? (use baroreceptors, sympathetic system, and parasympathetic system)

Identify and outline the structural and functional classifications of Joints. Include location and associated structures when describing these joints. Detail a synovial joint and how they function.

1a) How do the epithelia between the esophagus and small intestine differ?

b) What are the functional reasons for the different structures?

c) What are the major structures of the digestive tract, in order, starting with the mouth?

d) What are the large glands associated with the digestive tract and where do the ducts from these glands enter the tract?

1) Briefly explain what happens in the cellular respiration and what it function is
2) Briefly explain what happens in glycolysis and where it occurs ?
3) Describe what happens in the following processes and where they occur
a)glycogenesis
b)glycogenolysis
c)gluconeogenesis

I have to write about noradrenaline  

- I should talk about its synthesis- (physiologic mechanisms and drugs or foods affecting them);

- storage in vesicles (physiology-like the name of the pump for storage and drugs, toxins or foods that interferes with it);

-its release-physiology and drugs or toxins that interfere;

-the termination of effect in the synapse (physiology-like enzymatic breakage or re-uptake

-about the drugs that affect the process

-and its receptors of these neurotransmitters and drugs acting on these receptors

- refer them as agonists and antagonists for relevant receptors).

I still have 3 more, I will post the questions individually

no need for figures if everything I asked for is explained.