The heart is said to be automatic. This means that it generates its own action potential and contracts without the need for innervation. The basis for this is that some of its cells show what is called a spontaneous depolarization that moves the membrane potential to threshold. Please give a reasonable explanation in terms of changes of membrane permeability to ions that could explain this spontaneous depolarization termed the pacemaker potential.

Give a brief description for each of the following:

a) Describe the structures of the pulmonary system

b)Describe the pressures in the alveoli and pleural sac, and the flow of air during all the stages of an inhalation and exhalation

c)Describe the role of surfactants, and how they work.

d) Describe how flow of blood to regions of the lungs changes to match the flow of air

Explain how the sympathetic nervous system acts to directly regulate stroke volume. Include a detailed description of the mechanism (include the target cells, the proteins, signaling molecules, ions, and changes in membrane pontial where appropriate). What effect does this have on cardiac output. This will take about half a page to describe

Anybody want a peanut? Andre the Giant had gigantism AND acromegaly from a somatotrophic pituitary adenoma. What does a somatotrophic pituitary adenoma do to growth hormone secretion (1 pts)? What specifically occurs on a cellular/physiological level to cause the symptoms of heightened stature, large hands, large feet, large jaw, large internal organs, and increased blood sugar (4 pts)? Which symptom is not associated with acromegaly (1 pts)? What other disorder often occurs alongside gigantism and acromegaly due to the symptom of increased blood sugar (1pts)? What are the two possible courses of treatment for these conditions (2 pts)? (FYI Andre refused treatment to continue his career in wrestling). 1 pts for essay formatting, grammar, spelling.

Describe how arterial compliance is responsible for ensuring constant blood flow from a pulsatile source (the heart).

6. During the fastball pitch in baseball, which three muscle groups are predominantly activated?

1. The triceps, hamstrings, and calf muscles
2. The biceps, quadriceps, and lower back muscles
3. The forearm, quadriceps, and upper back muscles
4. The forearm, the calf, and the quadriceps
5. The forearm, abdominals, and lower back muscles

34. Which muscle is least likely to atrophy with aging?

a) biceps

b) triceps

c) quadriceps

d) hamstrings

e) gastrocnemius

43. What is the approximate time it takes for full recovery of the anaerobic glycolytic energy system?

a) 3 minutes

b) 10 minutes

c) 30 minutes

d) one hour

e) two hours

56. During a progressive treadmill exercise test, you determine that a runner’s heart rate is 120 beats per minute at the anaerobic threshold. What heart rate target should they use during a 10 km race to ensure they are running at an appropriate intensity?

a) 100 beats per minute

b) 115 beats per minute

c) 120 beats per minute

d) 130 beats per minute

e) 150 beats per minute

1. In females, the urethra opens:

   		at the tip of the clito ris
   		posterior to the an us
   		between the vag ina and an us
   		between the clito ris and the vagi na
   		anterior to the clito ris

1 points   

QUESTION 17

1. The labia major develops from the same source as the _____ in males.

   		prostate
   		scr otum
   		urethra
   		glans

1 points   

QUESTION 18

1. Most tissues of the gonad develop from the:

   		epimere
   		hypomere
   		ectoderm
   		mesomere
   		endoderm

1 points   

QUESTION 19

1. Urine in the collecting duct then proceeds to the:

   		calyxes
   		renal pelvis
   		ureter
   		distal convoluted tubule

1 points   

QUESTION 20

1. In females, the gonad is the:

   		mammary glands
   		ov ary
   		vagi na
   		ute rus

69. Which of the following cannot take part in gluconeogenesis?

a) lactate

b) fatty acids

c) alanine

d) glycerol

71. Which hormone is least likely to increase in the blood during exercise?

a) insulin

b) cortisol

c) glucagon

d) epinephrine

72. Which of the following is not considered a gluconeogenic hormone?

a) cortisol

b) insulin

c) glucagon

d) epinephrine

Renal System

Describe (include the hormonal control) how water is being reabsorbed from the filtrate into the peritubular circulation.  

Discuss how parathyroid hormone (PTH) maintains normal blood calcium ion concentration?

Cardiac muscle cells are __________.

Fully discuss the anatomy of a tRNA molecule. Touch on 1) how it attains its final shape as well as 2) all the parts of the molecule that play a role in translation.

Describe how tRNA molecules get linked together with the appropriate amino acid they carry .

Describe the detailed process of Initiation of translation in Eukaryotes.

Describe the detailed process of posttranslational modification, which is the modification of a newly-formed protein so that it can function properly.

Fully describe how integral membrane proteins are formed. Touch on 1) where they are manufactures as well as 2) what results in them becoming integral proteins instead of being injected into transport vesicles, and 3) what are some of the final destinations for these types of proteins.

Describe how mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins that are manufactured outside those organelles get to where they need to be inside those organelles. Touch on 1) How they get sent to those organelles in the first place and 2) how they get to the appropriate location within those organelles.

Ella's blood test reveals high level of thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH) but low levels of triodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Are these results are normal or do they reveal a homeostatic imbalance? Explain to support your answer?