1. Diagram and hand draw the corticospinal, corticobulbar, dorsal columns, spinothalamic, vestibulospinal, tectospinal, rubrospinal and spinocerebellar tracts. Include all info - receptors, information carried.......include upper and lower motor neurons for the motor tracts.

How does the structure & function of the circulatory system in a fetal mammal differ from that of the adult mammal?

a. Where is fetal blood oxygenated and what is the pathway of oxygenated blood to the fetal heart?

b. How does the structure of the fetal heart and the blood flow through the fetal heart differ from the adult?

A room has a normal total air pressure, and oxygen levels, but has 10 times the normal percentage of carbon dioxide. Which of the following are true?

Analysis of how joints, muscles, and neuromuscular mechanisms work together to create squat movement.

Explain how antibody-antigen interaction is applied in RIA or ELISA.

a) Write out the complete pathway for vision

b) Write out the complete pathway for hearing

17) State the function of each of the following in a muscle spindle: intrafusal fibers, gamma motor neurons, and primary afferent fibers.

Neatly present all calculations requested below.

You know that plasma is a solution, composed of many different solutes in water. Most of these solutes are NaCl (0.9%). But there are also proteins in plasma (Total protein=7g%), and albumin accounts for more than half of that protein. So, let's assume albumin's concentration in plasma is 4g%.

1) Compute the osmolalities for each substance, albumin and NaCl, in plasma.

Necessary information: NaCL molecular weight=58.5 g/mole. The molecule is formed by ionic bonds, and dissociates into 2 ions. Albumin molecular weight=70,000 g/mole. Albumin is composed of atoms which are covalently bonded, and do not dissociate. It is a fact that the osmotic pressure exerted by 1 osmolal (1 osmole/L) of solute is 19,300 mmHg; (that's the same as 1mOsmolal (1mOsmole/L) solute exerting 19.3 mmHg pressure).

2) Compute the osmotic pressure exerted by each of the substances, albumin and NaCl in plasma. Which substance is larger? There are more molecules of which substance in plasma? With the information, which substance exerts greater osmotic pressure in plasma, NaCl or protein?

"Colloid osmotic pressure" is the term given to the osmotic pressure exerted by protein.

1. Explain why the respiratory system and the renal system have such different time frames in terms of their physiology for PH response.

2. Regarding the change in the kidneys that characterizes the renal response to an alkalosis, describe:

            a. tubular transport of hydrogen ions:

            b. tubular transport of bicarbonate ions:

Vasoconstriction is to a decrease in blood vessel diameter, as __________ is to an increase in blood vessel diameter.

The heart is said to be automatic. This means that it generates its own action potential and contracts without the need for innervation. The basis for this is that some of its cells show what is called a spontaneous depolarization that moves the membrane potential to threshold. Please give a reasonable explanation in terms of changes of membrane permeability to ions that could explain this spontaneous depolarization termed the pacemaker potential.

Give a brief description for each of the following:

a) Describe the structures of the pulmonary system

b)Describe the pressures in the alveoli and pleural sac, and the flow of air during all the stages of an inhalation and exhalation

c)Describe the role of surfactants, and how they work.

d) Describe how flow of blood to regions of the lungs changes to match the flow of air

Explain how the sympathetic nervous system acts to directly regulate stroke volume. Include a detailed description of the mechanism (include the target cells, the proteins, signaling molecules, ions, and changes in membrane pontial where appropriate). What effect does this have on cardiac output. This will take about half a page to describe