Question

Fully discuss the anatomy of a tRNA molecule. Touch on 1) how it attains its final shape as well as 2) all the parts of the molecule that play a role in translation.

Describe how tRNA molecules get linked together with the appropriate amino acid they carry .

Describe the detailed process of Initiation of translation in Eukaryotes.

Describe the detailed process of posttranslational modification, which is the modification of a newly-formed protein so that it can function properly.

Fully describe how integral membrane proteins are formed. Touch on 1) where they are manufactures as well as 2) what results in them becoming integral proteins instead of being injected into transport vesicles, and 3) what are some of the final destinations for these types of proteins.

Describe how mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins that are manufactured outside those organelles get to where they need to be inside those organelles. Touch on 1) How they get sent to those organelles in the first place and 2) how they get to the appropriate location within those organelles.

Answer 1

Answer 1:)

The tRNA formation starts from the formation of its primary structure from the tRNA gene. This primary structure contains a complementary sequence, which bounds together to make hairpin loops. This is called the cloverleaf structure or secondary structure of tRNA. After that t-RNA maturation starts in which 5'-leaders and 3'-trailers of the tRNA are removed by specific endo- and/or exonucleases. Splicing of introns and Nucleotides are also modified in tRNA during maturation. Addition of the universally conserved and non-templated 3’-terminal CCA sequence, makes the functional full-length tRNA.

Answer 2:)

A tRNA contains four structures; first, the anticodon loop that pairs with mRNA to recognize the type of amino acid to be attached during the translation. Second, the D-arm that is a double-stranded stem region works for stabilizing the RNA’s tertiary structure and increase the efficiency of translation at the ribosome. Third, a T-arm that has a paired region and a single strand region, involves the interaction of tRNA with the ribosome. Fourth, a variable arm containing around 20 nucleotides works for AATS recognition of tRNA.