A few weeks after someone has recovered from coronavirus infection that caused COVID-19, you would expect to find T cell receptors to ind to fragments of viral COVID-19 proteins in the:

a. plasma b. hematocrit c. buffy coat d. globin e. formed elements

Human Physiology

Which of these is a cranial nerve that produce the pupillary reflex responde?

a)vagus nerve

b)phrenic nerve

c)optic nerve

d)vestibulochochleear nerve

e) occulomoter nerve

Increasing ________ would increase the sarcomere length in contractile cardiomyocytes leading to increased _________.

a. end diastolic volume, stroke volume

b. end systolic volume, stroke volume

c. end diastolic volume, heart rate

d. end diastolic volume, pressure that opens the aortic valve

e. end systolic volume, stroke volume

Glomerular Filtration

1. What is the major force/pressure that causes filtration?

2. What is the major force/pressure that causes reabsorption?

3. What would happen to the filtration rate if glomerular capillaries were damaged to an extent to be leaky to plasma proteins?

Identifying how renal arterioles affect GFR

Complete the following table that describes how changes in the diameters of these resistance vessels affect glomerular hydrostatic pressure and GFR (assuming no change in renal arterial pressure) with no change, increase, or decrease.

How renal arterioles respond to changes in blood pressure

Changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) can lead to wide changes in systemic pressure, including the renal arteries. Use your understanding of the renal mechanisms identified in part and your understanding of cardiovascular physiology and blood pressure to answer the following questions.

1. In the human body, if MAP is between 80 and 160mmHg, would GFR be expected to change as MAP changes? Explain your answer, including in your answer the afferent arteriolar response, what stimulates it to do so (2 stimuli), and the purpose of this response.

1. GFR:

2. afferent arteriole response:

3. two stimuli of response:

4. purpose of response:

2. What would happen to GFR if MAP rises above 160mmHg? Explain your answer, including in your answer what each arteriole does, what stimulates their responses, and the purpose of their responses.

1. GFR:

2. afferent arteriole response:

3. efferent arteriole response:

4. stimulus for responses:

5. purpose of responses:

3. What would happen to GFR if MAP falls below 80mmHg? Explain your answer, including in your answer what each arteriole does, what stimulates their responses, and the purpose of their responses.

1. GFR:

2. afferent arteriole response:

3. efferent arteriole response:

4. stimulus for responses:

5. purpose of responses:

1) Describe how the following change during hyperventilation:

a. PO2

b. PCO2

c. pH

2) Explain how erythrocytes contribute (including the names of proteins involved) to the transport of:

a. oxygen

b. carbon dioxide

3) Regarding a leftward shift in the oxygen saturation curve:

a. does this occur in pulmonary or systemic capillaries?

b. does hemoglobin oxygen binding affinity increase or decrease? c. into where does chloride diffuse?

d. into where does bicarbonate diffuse?

e. does carbon dioxide attach to or detach from hemoglobin?

f. do hydrogen ions attach to or detach from hemoglobin?

4) Explain why a drop in PO2 from 100 mmHg to 80 mmHg does not require ventilation to increase to compensate.

1) Describe the structure of the respiratory membrane.

2) During contraction of the diaphragm:

a. in what direction does the diaphragm move?

b. what does this movement do to the volume of the lungs?

3) Put the following respiratory events in the correct order:

a. air moves, b. alveolar volume changes, c. pleural pressure changes, d. alveolar pressure changes.

4) Describe what would happen to a lung if the pleural cavity pressure became equal to atmospheric pressure.

5) State what would happen to each of the following as a result of lung fibrosis (increase, decrease, or no change):

a. lung compliance

b. alveolar surface tension

c. airway resistance

d. tidal volume

6) State what happens to the following as altitude increases (increase, decrease, or no change):

a. atmospheric pressure

b. % of air made of oxygen

c. partial pressure of oxygen

7) When oxygen is in a state of partial pressure equilibrium between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries, state: (lower than, higher than, or equal to)

a. how alveolar and capillary PO2 compare.

b. how the alveolar and capillary concentrations of O2 compare.

Our color-sensing cones respond primarily to three wavelengths of light. in alphabetical order, those wavelengths are _________, ___________, _________. We see a gradation or spectrum of color because more than one cone type is activated at one time, causing _________________ from more than one cone type.

What may be the consequences of endurance training for people with the metabolic syndrome? Describe the metabolic defects in the skeletal muscles and in the adipose tissue of people with the metabolic syndrome , and then explain how endurance training could improve these defects in the skeletal muscles and in the adipose tissue . Do not forget to explain how the communication between these 2 tissues is involved in the development of metabolic defects, and how the communication between these 2 tissues is also involved in the improved metabolism in response to endurance training.

1) If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs?

Select one:

a. increases twice the amount of the increase in volume

b. increases

c. remains constant

d. increases and possibly damages the lungs

e. decreases

2) During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation?

Select one:

a. rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles

b. pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles

c. diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles

d. rectus abdominis and diaphragm muscles

e. diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

3) All of the following are matched correctly EXCEPT

Select one:

a. Inhalation at rest, Diaphragm

b. Exhalation at rest, Elasticity

c. Exhalation when exercising, Rectus abdominis

d. Inhalation at rest, Internal intercostals

e. Inhalation when exercising, Sternocleidomastoid

4) What would cause vasodilation in the lungs?

Select one:

a. Parasympathetic innervation

b. Asthma

c. Decreased oxygen pressure

d. Breath-hold

e. Increased oxygen pressure

1. Obese individuals have more (neurons/osteocytes/myofibrils/adipocytes)  than normal weight individuals.

2. After growth ceases, the number of fat cells may continue to increase if energy balance is (positive/reverse/negative/consistent)

3. Obese individuals generally have more (protein/pyruvate/lipoprotein hydrase/lipoprotein lipase) activity in their fat cells than normal weight individuals. This is an enzyme responsible for removing triglycerides from the blood stream and placing them in fat storage.

4. One theory as to why some individuals are more prone to weight gain, and thus obesity, than others, is the (set point/genetic/fixed/inherit) theory which states that a person’s body has its own inherent controls that tend to keep the body within a fixed weight range.

5. Genetic factors determine how susceptible a person is to developing obesity, but (genomic/endogenous/epigenetic/modulation) factors such as a consistently healthy lifestyle and healthy diet can play a significant role as well.

6. The hormone (testosterone/ghrelin/cortisol/leptin) regulates appetite in response to body fat.

7. As a means of controlling appetite and cueing satiety, the (norepinephrine/ghrelin/norleptin/estogren) hormone is regulated by intake.

Bolded words are the options to choose for each question.

describe filtrate formation from Bowman's capsule to excretion.

56-year old male who initially presented weight loss, loin pain, haematuria and painful inflamed joints. he also complained of a persistent unproductive cough that had been worsening over the past 3 months. he had also developed a pronounced wheeze and some chest pains.
precious medical history:
-Exertional angina and hypertension (diagnosed 8 years ago), and appendicitis (6 years ago).
Drug History:
-thiazide diuretics- patient been taking these since hypertension was diagnosed.
-chest x-ray and blood samples taken showed polycythaemia
3 days later the patient arrested, resuscitation was unsuccessful and the patient died.

What was the patients cause of death?
what were the signs and symptoms?

Briefly, explain the general concept of a steroid hormone’s “permissive action” on peptide/amine hormones.