1.What is targeted mutagenesis? Why do you think it is essential for structure and function analysis of a proteins? Outline the rationale and describe with two independent examples.

2.What have we learned from human genome? Why do you think more and more numbers of sequencing is essential to understand the variations as well as treating a disease? Provide explanation with examples

A healthy male presents with altered mental status and this was attributed to his [Na+ ] being 108 mEq/L. To return the patient to normal Na+ levels, how much of a 5 wt% NaCl solution must be administered? (Normal plasma Na+ concentration = 140 mEq/L; molecular weight of NaCl is 58; 5 wt% NaCl = 5g/100mL)

Total Body Water = 42L

Extracellular Fluid = 14L

Osmolarity = 300mOsmoles/L

Intracellular Fluid = 28L

Describe the general processes involved in hemodialysis therapy including the two concentration gradients that act independently between blood plasma & the dialysis fluid.

The three principles with regards to the sensory cortex (mechanisms of perception), with one of them being hierarchical organization. Using the somatosensory system as an example (specifically the exteroceptive part of that system),

--> State each level of the hierarchy with regards to this system, beginning with the one at the lowest level of the hierarchy to the final uppermost level. You must give the name at each level as it corresponds with this system. (Explain Thoroughly Please)

Describe & explain & discuss experiments / observations in humans and monkeys that demonstrate the role of the parietal lobe in attention and attention disorders

It is important to understand the 3 first stages of the creative problem solving process. Problems may be obvious. If they're not, they can often be identified using the trigger questions in each of the problem solving stage. Read the attached memo about Google, the tech giant’s diversity initiatives and “ideological echo chamber,” written by an anonymous Google Engineer. The document was circulated throughout the company’s ranks and became viral this summer. Google Ideological Echo Chamber.pdf. The document cited principles of evolutionary psychology to argue that women make up only 20 percent of Google’s technical staff because they are more interested in people than in ideas, which the author considers an obstacle to being a good engineer. "Women, on average, have more: Neuroticism (higher anxiety, lower stress tolerance). This may contribute to the higher levels of anxiety women report on Googlegeist and to the lower number of women in high stress jobs." "We need to stop assuming that gender gaps imply sexism." "Women on average show a higher interest in people and men in things." Possible questions to ask yourself! Why did this memo strike such a nerve inside and outside Google? What is the true problem here? Is it the way the media characterized the memo? it is because many of the claims are inaccurate? or his point of view was unpopular? or is it because so many people find what he wrote so disrespectful? What happened to the Engineer right of free speech in this case? Is the problem about "political correctness", "gender imbalance".? Please read the memo thoroughly. This is a very complex topic. This week's Discussion; Analyze, Recognize & Identify the Problem with the Google memo. Please focus on content of the memo, not social/news media reactions or what happened to the Google Engineer. State what Analyze the problem - Discuss your thoughts on what is going on inside and outside of the organization the organization Recognize the problem - What do you think is happening? Is there a genuine opportunity to actively address and/or solve the issue? Provide a detailed definition of the problem - With the information in front of you, you're ready to write down a "problem statement" - a comprehensive definition of the problem(Before you do, remember to define the problem in terms of needs, and not solutions) If you define the problem in terms of possible solutions, you're closing the door to other possibly more effective solutions that we will be exploring later in the course). Respond to at least two of your classmates initial posts. Either Agree/disagree and explain why you agree/disagree, or share an insight or expand on their answers.

Figure for Ca2+ dynamics. Draw a model with arrows and #’s in the order

“The scheme of ionic currents within a cardiac cycle for a mammalian pacemaker cell”

The scheme of ionic currents within a cardiac cycle for a mammalian pacemaker cell (i.e., SA node) is generally described with the background [Ca2+]i continually increasing and decreasing. Starting in diastolic depolarization with a slow release of Ca2+ by ryanodine receptors (RyR), from the SR, leads to a rise in [Ca2+]i . The SERCA pumps Ca2+ back into the SR and the NCX removes [Ca2+]i in exchange for Na+ ions across the plasma membrane of the cell. The influx of Na+ ions can lead to a depolarization of the plasma membrane. Thus, opening low voltage-gated T-type Ca2+ channels (VCa) (Hüser et al. 2000) and potentially voltagegated Na+ channels. The influx of Ca2+ acts on the RyR to cause the ER to dump Ca2+ which results in a calcium induced inhibition of the RyR. Until the [Ca2+]i is reduced by the SERCA and NCX, the RyR stay inhibited but will start leaking Ca2+ as [Ca2+]i returns to a low level to then repeat the cycle (Subramani and Subbanna, 2006). In the mammalian heart, the pace making sinus node cells do not contain a K+ current (IK1) which is thought to be one reason the pacing cells do not show a resting membrane potential (Opthof, 2007).

The ketogenic diet (or keto diet, for short) is a low-carb, high-fat diet that is based on ketogenesis. Explain physiology of ketogenic diet. Explain why a diabetic may benefit from ketogenic diet. Explain the possible adverse side effects of ketogenic diet

Use the below information to answer the remaining questions.

Due to government funding cuts, you have recently been appointed as head physiologist for the Centre for Disease Control, due to your unparalleled physiology knowledge and willingness to work for minimum wage.

Billions of people served worldwide by the popular fast food chain McDowell’s have all fallen ill due to a mysterious chemical being used in the beef. You are tasked with gathering as much information as possible about this chemical with a view to treating those affected.

Note: When people stop eating at McDowell’s, they are no longer affected, but apparently that isn’t an option, especially at 1:00am, nor is it an option to change the beef.

The chemical leads to a dramatically increased heart rate.

Through animal testing, you determine that the chemical increases heart rate by acting directly on the heart itself and affects autonomic nervous system signaling. It appears to have no direct effect on blood vessels. You have not determined if it is affecting other organ systems.

Assuming the drug only acts on one type of receptor, which of the following receptors could it potentially be acting on, given the above information? (select all that apply):

Group of answer choices

Acting on nicotinic receptors of both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons.

Acting on muscarinic receptors.

Acting on beta-1 adrenergic receptors.

Acting on beta-2 adrenergic receptors.

Acting on alpha-1 adrenergic receptors.

Acting on alpha-2 adrenergic receptors.

You are given the opportunity to interview the sufferers of the delicious beef scandal. Considering the receptors you have narrowed your search down to in question 10, which of the following questions could help you determine which receptors specifically are being affected by the chemical (select all that apply)?

Group of answer choices

Have you experienced any muscle weakness?

Have you had difficulty breathing?

Have your fingertips turned white (Generalised vasoconstriction)?

Have you experienced any erectile dysfunction?

Have you experienced an increased sensitivity to light (inability to constrict pupils)?

You ask the patients all of the above questions (even though some may have been irrelevant), and they answer “no” to all of them. Judging by this, the chemical must be: (select one)

Group of answer choices

activating nicotinic receptors.

blocking nicotinic receptors.

activating muscarinic receptors.

blocking muscarinic receptors.

activating beta-1 receptors.

blocking beta-1 receptors.

activating beta-2 receptors.

blocking beta-2 receptors.

activating alpha-1 receptors.

blocking alpha-1 receptors.

activating alpha-2 receptors.

blocking alpha-2 receptors.

I have answers for the first two but need the third. If you could still answer the first two to see If I was correct ?

Bone marrow analysis:
80% Blasts, predominately lymphocytes, decreased RBCs, no segs or bands

Cytochemical stains: MPO = Neg TdT = Pos PAS = Pos

9. What diagnosis aligns with the bone marrow and cytochemical results?  

10.To differentiate between the three ALL classifications, what analysis is needed?  

Immunophenotyping results: CD 19 = strong positive, CD 10 = strong positive

11. What is the diagnosis?   

12. List the cytogenic abnormalities found in ALL.  

13. Describe the prognosis for this patient based on age and lab data.  

1. A 48-year-old man complaining of impotence sought medical attention. Over the years, he has experienced increased difficulty with maintaining and, more recently, achieving an erection. Further questioning revealed that his shoe size has increased from a 9-C to 11-EEE over the past 5 years, and his dental plate had to be altered 3 times in 6 years. Recently friends have remarked on changes in his appearance. The patient also admitted to a tingling sensation in his fingers and joint pains. On physical examination, he had coarse facial features with a bulbous nose and a beetle-browed look. His hands, feet, and liver were enlarged. Laboratory studies revealed a fasting blood glucose level of 150 mg/dl.

       A). Why did the physician measure the plasma GH level? (Hint: What disease does the physician suspect this man has?)

       B). The concentration of what other peptide hormone that is secreted in direct response to GH is certainly elevated in this patient’s plasma, and where is that peptide primarily produced?

       C). What has caused the changes in the patient’s facial features, hands, feet and liver?

       D). What has caused the neurologic and joint symptoms?

       E). Why is the fasting blood glucose level elevated, and what changes in the plasma insulin level would you expect to find?

       F). What is the most likely cause of the patient’s impotence, and what hormonal abnormalities explain it?

2. A 30-year old woman sustained multiple injuries, including a skull fracture, in an automobile accident. Although initially in a coma, she gradually regained consciousness. Five days later she abruptly developed frequent urination and thirst, with a subsequent fluid intake and output of 8L/day. Vital signs were normal. Routine urinalysis was normal; no red blood cells were present. There was no glucose in her urine. Urine osmolarity was 75 mOsm/kg (i.e very dilute; high water concentration and low solute concentration). After depriving her of water, she continued to excrete 150 ml/hr and urine osmolarity stabilized at 125 mOsm/kg (serum osmolarity was 325 mOsm/kg --normal is 300 mOsm/kg; and serum sodium was 158 mEq/L—normal is about 145-150 mEq/L).

       C). What regulates water reabsorption and how does it act on its target cells?

       D). How and where is this regulatory substance synthesized and stored?

       E). What stimuli normally influence the secretion of this substance?

3. A person that has a diet deficient in iodine begins to experience weight gain, low blood pressure, and an intolerance to cold. The person also has a goiter (i.e. enlarged thyroid gland).

       A). What causes the weight gain, low blood pressure, and intolerance to cold?

       B). Why does this person have a goiter?

       C). How is iodine typically introduced in the diet?

in 250-words response

critically analyze the following three popular training systems: bigger,faster,stronger (BFS); crossfit; and high intensity training/heavy duty training(HIT). Hoe do they compare to the seven laws of training? which of these systems of training would be most appropriate for you?why?

Explain why fish do not need a three-chambered or four-chambered heart for proper circulation.

Write an explanation of each answer

Marc Tyler is a 46-year-old man who has recently been told he has Hodgkin lymphoma. He saw his family physician after he noticed an enlarged lymph node is his right axilla. He has been told that his prognosis is good. His treatment will include 6 months of intensive cancer chemotherapy followed by 1 month of radiation treatments.

1. When Mr. Tyler first discovered the enlarged lymph nodes, he probably also noticed that: A. The lymph nodes in his right axilla were painless. B. The lymph nodes in his right axilla were tender C. A red streak extended down his right arm. D. His right arm was swollen from the axilla to the fingers.

2. Mr. Tyler has been told that his prognosis is good, because: A. The lymph system is not involved yet. B. Most lymphomas are benign. C. The disease has not spread beyond the lymph nodes. D. It is hypothesized that it is caused by a virus.

3. During Mr. Tyler’s complete physical examination, his physician palpated many lymph nodes, then sent Mr. Tyler to the radiology department for a lymphogram. What information is the physician gathering with these examinations? A. The size of Mr. Tyler’s lymph nodes B. The circulation of Mr. Tyler’s lymphatic system C. The location of Mr. Tyler’s lymph nodes D. All of the above

4. Mr. Tyler develops a lung infection following a common cold during his treatment. Which one of the following mechanisms is most likely responsible for his increased risk of infection? A. Fatigue resulting in poor hygiene B. Inadequate hematopoiesis C. Inability of the tonsils to keep the common cold from entering D. Inadequate functioning of the spleen.