Question

Short Answer

1. Mention three factors that affect the respiratory frequency.

i.

ii.

iii.

2.  Mention three physiological effects on the body that occurs at high temperatures

i.

ii.

iii.

3. Mention three physiological effects on the body that occurs at cold temperatures

i.

ii.

iii.

Answer 1

1)The main factors affecting respiratory frequency are
a)administration of drugs and alcohol .
Consumption of drugs like narcotics ,sedatives ,painkillers and heroin are affecting respiratory rhythmicity center in the brain stem leading to depress the respiratory frequency, also high blood alcohol level have the same effect.

b)blood pH
Blood pH is controlled by lungs and kidney ,sensors called the aortic and carotid bodies detect changes in blood pH .an abnormally low blood pH increases the respiratory frequency.During rapid breathing releases increased amount of carbon dioxide,leads to low blood pH

c)Blood carbon dioxide-
When activity level increase,amount of carbon dioxide released is high.Rhythmicity centre in brain stem detect the increased level of CO2 and increase respiratory rate to eliminate the excess CO2.This is then removed by exhalation.

2)Elevation of body temperature above 37.7°C is called Hyperthermia.

Physiological effect of heat in the body-
*Blood flow increases by vasodialation
*Metabolic rate increases.
*Tissue extensibility increases and accelerates tissue healing.
*Higher temperature increase oxygen uptake .
*Heat can increase the activity of destructive enzymes like collagenase and hence increase catabolic rate.

*edema,inflammation gets increased.

3)Hypothermia is a situation where the body temperature is below 37.7°C

Physiological effect of cold in the body-
#Blood flow decreased by vasoconstriction followed by vasodialation.
#Tissue metabolism and extensibility will decrease.
#Inflammation,conduction rate,edema decreases.
Activity of destructive enzymes are inhibited.

#When cold Temperature continues in the body,it has drastic effect on heart and respiratory system