Question

1.Whats the function of the , Ascending colon , descending colon , transverse colon, sigmoid colon, oropharynx , laryngopharynx in digestion ? IM LOOKING FOR A GENERAL ANSWER AND SOMEWHAT SPECIFIC .

2.What is the function of the neck , Body and head and hepatic ducts in the gallbladder? IM LOOKING FOR A GENERAL ANSWER AND SOMEWHAT SPECIFIC .

Answer 1

1.Pharynx is the body cavity that actually connects the nasal cavity to larynx and oral cavity to oesophagus.It helps in simultaneous breathing and swallowing of food.Anatomically, Pharynx is divided into three parts namely nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

Nasopharynx is the uppermost part of the pharynx which facilitates breathing. It provides a passage for air from nose into pharynx. Oropharynx is situated behind the soft palate and under the Nasopharynx. It is the passage for food from mouth to oesophagus and for air from nasal cavity to trachea. Laryngopharynx lies below the oropharynx and it holds the opening of trachea, larynx into the pharynx. In this way, pharynx helps in the event if digestion.

Large intestine is divided into following parts: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. The ascending colon absorbs most of the water and active nutrients from the waste material and by peristalsis the unwanted waste material is moved upwards. The transverse colon receives and the more concentrated waste material is moved into the descending colon.

The descending colon also called as distal gut. The main function of the descending colon in the digestive system is to store the waste material for sometime until they are emptied out of the body. The sigmoid colon contracts and thereby increases the pressure of the colon which moves waste material into the rectum. Rectum helps in storage and defaecation if waste material from the large intestine to the exterior through anal aperture.

2. The liver is divided into two lobes i.e., right and left hepatic lobes. The hepatocytes of the right and left hepatic lobes produces bile which is eventually drains out and is collected by right and left hepatic ducts respectively. The right and left hepatic ducts acts as passage to the bile and they converges to form common hepatic duct. The bile from the common hepatic duct enters cystic duct and then the gall bladder where it is temporarily stored.

Gall bladder is a muscular sac of liver which stores bile temporarily. The Gall bladder is divided into three parts namely Fundus, Body and Neck. The fundus is the widest head part of the gall bladder which opens medially into the neck and the neck approaches and opens out to the cystic duct. The fundus, body and neck of the Gall bladder primarily stores, concentrates and release the bile when stimulated. The body of the gall bladder absorbs water from the bile and thereby concentrates it.

Cholecystokinin stimulates and contracts the walls of gall bladder so as to release the concentrated bile from it. The bile exits gall bladder and enters cystic duct and thereby due to the peristalsis, bile enters common bile duct which is a convergence of common hepatic duct and cystic duct. The bile from the common bile duct eventually drains out into the duodenum.

Bile consists of bile salts which help in the emulsification of fats and helps in their absorption. Bile also consists of bilirubin and biliverdin, which are excretory products formed during haemoglobin metabolism.