ESTROUS CYCLE: In animals using estrous cycles, proestrus occurs before the estrus phase. Proestrus therefore most closely corresponds to which uterine or ovarain phase(s) in humans?

Group of answer choices

follicular phase and ovulation

secretory phase

ovulation and luteal phase

proliferative phase

menses

You need to draw a 1-page chart with the 3 muscle fiber types. You need to include the type and size of that neuron that innervates that muscle. The predominant way ATP is produced for that muscle fiber type and 3 activities that are associate with that muscle fiber type.

To maintain a stable weight, there must be energy balance. Energy intake is equal to energy expenditure. However, when this energy balance is disrupted it can lead to individuals who are underweight or overweight. Maintaining proper energy balance involves complex interactions among several organ systems in the body. In the hypothalamus there is a satiety center and a hunger center. Leptin is an anorexigenic (i.e., satiety) signal, whereas ghrelin is an orexigenic signal (i.e., promotes appetite). Leptin is a peptide hormone produced by adipocytes. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone produced by gastric cells in the stomach. There are leptin receptors and ghrelin receptors in the hypothalamus.

Question: From its point of origin, trace how a molecule of ghrelin will move through the circulatory system (including through the heart) and ultimately bind to a receptor in the hypothalamus (nervous tissue).

105. Identify the digestive aid that emulsifies fats.                                       

106. Hyposecretion of what hormone causes dwarfism in kids?                    

107. Identify the structure in the ileum/small intestine that is responsible for pest control.                               

108. Acetyl CoA is the key for entry into what metabolic pathway?

109. Give an example of a heterozygous gene /genotype                             

110. What WBC secretes histamine?                                                

111. Where is the hormone produced that targets the corpus luteum during pregnancy?                                                                           

112. What major vessels take deO₂ /deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the heart?           

113. Hyperventilation results in?                                                                  

114. Identify the specific cell that has CD4 protein markers.                         

115. Name the metabolic pathway wherein glucose →PA (pyruvic acid).        

116. Give an example of a homozygous dominant gene.                              

117. Identify the cells in the testes that are targeted by LH. Be specific.        

118. What major vessel brings deO₂/deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the upper extremities?       

119. In general, what causes respiratory acidosis? (Not a specific condition)

120. Identify the structure in the villi/small intestine that absorb dietary fats.  

121. What do plasma cells secrete?                                                            

122. What is the digestive aid, found in the stomach, that denatures protein?

123. Hyper-secretion of what hormone causes Grave’s in adults?                  

124. What WBC combats acute bacterial infection?                                      

125. Didn’t you learn an amazing amount in this course?                              

Fill in the blank:

1. The _________________________ is the communication pathway between the cerebral cortex and spinal nerves.

2. All efferent and afferent information passes through _____________ (region of the white matter of the cerebral cortex.)

3. The _________________________ coordinates all movement.

4. The _________________________ is the outer meningeal lining.

5. The _________________________ is the deepest meningeal lining.

6. The _________________________ separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

7. The ________________________ separates the two cerebellar hemispheres.

8. The _________________________ separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum.

9. _________________________ is the fluid that circulates around the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord.

10. The _________________________ is the structure within the ventricles in which cerebrospinal fluid is created.

11. The _________________________ ventricles are found in the frontal, temporal, occipital and parietal lobes.

12.   _________________________ is an important speech/language area represented by Brodmann area 44 & 45.

13.   _________________________ is an important speech/language area represented by Brodmann area 22.

Why does elastance increase after ventilator-induced lung injury? Provide specific structural changes that lead to increased elastance.

Why is it important to focus on the autonomic nervous system when considering disease states?

In a metabolic experiment a 229 gm rat consumed 30 ml of oxygen in 7 min. Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour. Calculate the metabolic rate in ml O2/Kg/hr.

1: The parasympathetic nervous system will cause

a) your eyes to be dry

b) your eyes to water

2: The sympathetic nervous system will have ______________ preganglionic neurons.

a) long

b) either short or long

c) short

3: What type of receptor is on the effector in the sympathetic nervous system?

a) muscarinic receptors

b) alpha/beta receptors

c) nicotinic receptors

4: What type of receptor is on the effector in the sympathetic nervous system?

a) muscarinic receptors

b) alpha/beta receptors

c) nicotinic receptors