Viejol Corporation has collected the following information after its first year of sales. Sales were $1,600,000 on 100,000 units, selling expenses $200,000 (40% variable and 60% fixed), direct materials $508,000, direct labor $290,400, administrative expenses $278,000 (20% variable and 80% fixed), and manufacturing overhead $380,000 (70% variable and 30% fixed). Top management has asked you to do a CVP analysis so that it can make plans for the coming year. It has projected that unit sales will increase by 10% next year.

If the company meets its target net income number, by what percentage could its sales fall before it is operating at a loss? That is, what is its margin of safety ratio?

1. Rachel was recently hired by Moncton Express Inc (MEI) to assist its payable clerk in bringing the accounts up to date. Rachel was asked to record the following transactions:

August 15: MEI purchased a new inventory monitoring system. MEI issued a $6,000 non-interest bearing note payable, due on October 15.

August 18: MEI borrowed $10,000 from the bank in the form of a demand note. MEI authorizes the bank to take the interest payments from its bank account. Interest is payable on the last day of each month at 4% per annum.

August 21: MEI purchased $8,000 of inventory, plus HST, on account. The terms offered are 3/10, net 45.

September 20: MEI purchased a waste management system. MEI issues an $8,000, non-interest bearing note payable due in one year.

September 23: MEI purchases $3,000 of inventory, plus HST, on account. The terms offered are 3/10, net 45.

September 24: Rachel pays the August 21 and September 23 invoices.

September 30: Rachel accrues for unbilled utilities totalling $1,700.

Other information:

• MEI uses the gross method to record accounts payable
• MEI’s year-end is December 31, and interim statements are normally prepared on a monthly basis.
• MEI’s latest interim statements are for the month ended July 31. The necessary accruals were made at that time, except that MEI only records depreciation expense at year-end.
• The market rate of interest for MEI’s short-term borrowings is 5%.

Required:

Prepare journal entries to record the documented events and the necessary accruals for the months of August and September.   Calculate interest accruals based on the number of days, rather than months. Round your answers to the nearest dollar.

Patrick Corporation acquired 100 percent of O’Brien Company’s outstanding common stock on January 1, for $796,500 in cash. O’Brien reported net assets with a carrying amount of $448,000 at that time. Some of O’Brien’s assets either were unrecorded (having been internally developed) or had fair values that differed from book values as follows: Book Values Fair Values Trademarks (indefinite life) $ 102,000 $ 299,000 Customer relationships (5-year remaining life) 0 96,600 Equipment (10-year remaining life) 359,000 329,000 Any goodwill is considered to have an indefinite life with no impairment charges during the year. Following are financial statements at the end of the first year for these two companies prepared from their separately maintained accounting systems. O’Brien declared and paid dividends in the same period. Credit balances are indicated by parentheses. Patrick O'Brien Revenues $ (1,815,000 ) $ (856,000 ) Cost of goods sold 484,000 396,000 Depreciation expense 104,100 95,400 Amortization expense 28,200 0 Income from O'Brien (348,280 ) 0 Net income $ (1,546,980 ) $ (364,600 ) Retained earnings 1/1 $ (764,000 ) $ (312,000 ) Net income (1,546,980 ) (364,600 ) Dividends declared 154,000 92,000 Retained earnings 12/31 $ (2,156,980 ) $ (584,600 ) Cash $ 238,000 $ 121,000 Receivables 322,000 68,400 Inventory 202,000 168,000 Investment in O'Brien 1,016,780 0 Trademarks 518,000 79,800 Customer relationships 0 0 Equipment (net) 944,000 276,000 Goodwill 0 0 Total assets $ 3,240,780 $ 713,200 Liabilities $ (683,800 ) $ (28,600 ) Common stock (400,000 ) (100,000 ) Retained earnings 12/31 (2,156,980 ) (584,600 ) Total liabilities and equity $ (3,240,780 ) $ (713,200 ) Which investment method did Patrick use to compute the $348,280 income from O'Brien? Determine the totals to be reported for this business combination for the year ending December 31. Verify the totals determined in part (b) by producing a consolidation worksheet for Patrick and O’Brien for the year ending December 31. Patrick Corporation acquired 100 percent of O’Brien Company’s outstanding common stock on January 1, for $796,500 in cash. O’Brien reported net assets with a carrying amount of $448,000 at that time. Some of O’Brien’s assets either were unrecorded (having been internally developed) or had fair values that differed from book values as follows: Book Values Fair Values Trademarks (indefinite life) $ 102,000 $ 299,000 Customer relationships (5-year remaining life) 0 96,600 Equipment (10-year remaining life) 359,000 329,000 Any goodwill is considered to have an indefinite life with no impairment charges during the year. Following are financial statements at the end of the first year for these two companies prepared from their separately maintained accounting systems. O’Brien declared and paid dividends in the same period. Credit balances are indicated by parentheses. Patrick O'Brien Revenues $ (1,815,000 ) $ (856,000 ) Cost of goods sold 484,000 396,000 Depreciation expense 104,100 95,400 Amortization expense 28,200 0 Income from O'Brien (348,280 ) 0 Net income $ (1,546,980 ) $ (364,600 ) Retained earnings 1/1 $ (764,000 ) $ (312,000 ) Net income (1,546,980 ) (364,600 ) Dividends declared 154,000 92,000 Retained earnings 12/31 $ (2,156,980 ) $ (584,600 ) Cash $ 238,000 $ 121,000 Receivables 322,000 68,400 Inventory 202,000 168,000 Investment in O'Brien 1,016,780 0 Trademarks 518,000 79,800 Customer relationships 0 0 Equipment (net) 944,000 276,000 Goodwill 0 0 Total assets $ 3,240,780 $ 713,200 Liabilities $ (683,800 ) $ (28,600 ) Common stock (400,000 ) (100,000 ) Retained earnings 12/31 (2,156,980 ) (584,600 ) Total liabilities and equity $ (3,240,780 ) $ (713,200 ) Which investment method did Patrick use to compute the $348,280 income from O'Brien? Determine the totals to be reported for this business combination for the year ending December 31. Verify the totals determined in part (b) by producing a consolidation worksheet for Patrick and O’Brien for the year ending December 31. Patrick Corporation acquired 100 percent of O’Brien Company’s outstanding common stock on January 1, for $796,500 in cash. O’Brien reported net assets with a carrying amount of $448,000 at that time. Some of O’Brien’s assets either were unrecorded (having been internally developed) or had fair values that differed from book values as follows: Book Values Fair Values Trademarks (indefinite life) $ 102,000 $ 299,000 Customer relationships (5-year remaining life) 0 96,600 Equipment (10-year remaining life) 359,000 329,000 Any goodwill is considered to have an indefinite life with no impairment charges during the year. Following are financial statements at the end of the first year for these two companies prepared from their separately maintained accounting systems. O’Brien declared and paid dividends in the same period. Credit balances are indicated by parentheses. Patrick O'Brien Revenues $ (1,815,000 ) $ (856,000 ) Cost of goods sold 484,000 396,000 Depreciation expense 104,100 95,400 Amortization expense 28,200 0 Income from O'Brien (348,280 ) 0 Net income $ (1,546,980 ) $ (364,600 ) Retained earnings 1/1 $ (764,000 ) $ (312,000 ) Net income (1,546,980 ) (364,600 ) Dividends declared 154,000 92,000 Retained earnings 12/31 $ (2,156,980 ) $ (584,600 ) Cash $ 238,000 $ 121,000 Receivables 322,000 68,400 Inventory 202,000 168,000 Investment in O'Brien 1,016,780 0 Trademarks 518,000 79,800 Customer relationships 0 0 Equipment (net) 944,000 276,000 Goodwill 0 0 Total assets $ 3,240,780 $ 713,200 Liabilities $ (683,800 ) $ (28,600 ) Common stock (400,000 ) (100,000 ) Retained earnings 12/31 (2,156,980 ) (584,600 ) Total liabilities and equity $ (3,240,780 ) $ (713,200 ) Which investment method did Patrick use to compute the $348,280 income from O'Brien? Determine the totals to be reported for this business combination for the year ending December 31. Verify the totals determined in part (b) by producing a consolidation worksheet for Patrick and O’Brien for the year ending December 31. Patrick Corporation acquired 100 percent of O’Brien Company’s outstanding common stock on January 1, for $796,500 in cash. O’Brien reported net assets with a carrying amount of $448,000 at that time. Some of O’Brien’s assets either were unrecorded (having been internally developed) or had fair values that differed from book values as follows: Book Values Fair Values Trademarks (indefinite life) $ 102,000 $ 299,000 Customer relationships (5-year remaining life) 0 96,600 Equipment (10-year remaining life) 359,000 329,000 Any goodwill is considered to have an indefinite life with no impairment charges during the year. Following are financial statements at the end of the first year for these two companies prepared from their separately maintained accounting systems. O’Brien declared and paid dividends in the same period. Credit balances are indicated by parentheses. Patrick O'Brien Revenues $ (1,815,000 ) $ (856,000 ) Cost of goods sold 484,000 396,000 Depreciation expense 104,100 95,400 Amortization expense 28,200 0 Income from O'Brien (348,280 ) 0 Net income $ (1,546,980 ) $ (364,600 ) Retained earnings 1/1 $ (764,000 ) $ (312,000 ) Net income (1,546,980 ) (364,600 ) Dividends declared 154,000 92,000 Retained earnings 12/31 $ (2,156,980 ) $ (584,600 ) Cash $ 238,000 $ 121,000 Receivables 322,000 68,400 Inventory 202,000 168,000 Investment in O'Brien 1,016,780 0 Trademarks 518,000 79,800 Customer relationships 0 0 Equipment (net) 944,000 276,000 Goodwill 0 0 Total assets $ 3,240,780 $ 713,200 Liabilities $ (683,800 ) $ (28,600 ) Common stock (400,000 ) (100,000 ) Retained earnings 12/31 (2,156,980 ) (584,600 ) Total liabilities and equity $ (3,240,780 ) $ (713,200 ) Which investment method did Patrick use to compute the $348,280 income from O'Brien? Determine the totals to be reported for this business combination for the year ending December 31. Verify the totals determined in part (b) by producing a consolidation worksheet for Patrick and O’Brien for the year ending December 31. Patrick Corporation acquired 100 percent of O’Brien Company’s outstanding common stock on January 1, for $796,500 in cash. O’Brien reported net assets with a carrying amount of $448,000 at that time. Some of O’Brien’s assets either were unrecorded (having been internally developed) or had fair values that differed from book values as follows: Book Values Fair Values Trademarks (indefinite life) $ 102,000 $ 299,000 Customer relationships (5-year remaining life) 0 96,600 Equipment (10-year remaining life) 359,000 329,000 Any goodwill is considered to have an indefinite life with no impairment charges during the year. Following are financial statements at the end of the first year for these two companies prepared from their separately maintained accounting systems. O’Brien declared and paid dividends in the same period. Credit balances are indicated by parentheses. Patrick O'Brien Revenues $ (1,815,000 ) $ (856,000 ) Cost of goods sold 484,000 396,000 Depreciation expense 104,100 95,400 Amortization expense 28,200 0 Income from O'Brien (348,280 ) 0 Net income $ (1,546,980 ) $ (364,600 ) Retained earnings 1/1 $ (764,000 ) $ (312,000 ) Net income (1,546,980 ) (364,600 ) Dividends declared 154,000 92,000 Retained earnings 12/31 $ (2,156,980 ) $ (584,600 ) Cash $ 238,000 $ 121,000 Receivables 322,000 68,400 Inventory 202,000 168,000 Investment in O'Brien 1,016,780 0 Trademarks 518,000 79,800 Customer relationships 0 0 Equipment (net) 944,000 276,000 Goodwill 0 0 Total assets $ 3,240,780 $ 713,200 Liabilities $ (683,800 ) $ (28,600 ) Common stock (400,000 ) (100,000 ) Retained earnings 12/31 (2,156,980 ) (584,600 ) Total liabilities and equity $ (3,240,780 ) $ (713,200 ) Which investment method did Patrick use to compute the $348,280 income from O'Brien? Determine the totals to be reported for this business combination for the year ending December 31. Verify the totals determined in part (b) by producing a consolidation worksheet for Patrick and O’Brien for the year ending December 31.

Wagner Company developed the following standard costs for its product for 2011:

Direct Materials - 4 pounds at $4.50 per pound
Direct Labor - 2 hours at $10.50 per hour

Based on their flexible budget, budgeted Manufacturing Overhead costs are $80,000 of fixed costs plus variable costs of $4 per direct labor hour. Normal capacity is set at 20,000 units of product OR 40,000 DIRECT LABOR HOURS. (20,000 units x 2 labor hours per unit)

Actual costs for 2011 were as follows:

a. 19,000 units of product were actually produced
b. Direct labor costs were $362,700 for 37,200 direct labor hours actually worked.
c. Actual direct materials purchased and used during the yeear cost $361,900 for 77,000 pounds.
d. Total actual manufcaturing overhead costs were $227,000.

Compute the following yearly variances for Wagner company for 2011 and indicate whether the variance is favorable (F) or unfavorable (U)

Use the following format for all variances: (Example: 1,000 U)

1. Direct Materials Price Variance

Compute the Direct Materials Quantity Variance

Compute the total Direct Materials Variance.

Compute the Direct Labor Price Variance

Compute the Direct Labor Quantity Variance

Compute the total Direct Labor Variance

Compute the Variable Overhead Controllable Variance

Compute the Fixed Overhead Volume Variance

Compute the total Manufacturing Overhead Variance

Compute the total cost variance and indicate if favorable or unfavorable.

The following selected transactions were completed during August between Summit Company and Beartooth Co.:

Part A:

A high quality of earnings is indicated by:

Part B:

The Horseshoe Company has cash of $50,000 accounts receivable of $100,000; inventory of $250,000, prepaid insurance of $200,000 and current liabilities of $300,000. What is their working capital?

Part C:

In evaluating the quality of a company's earnings, which of the following factors is LEAST important?

SCG makes wall units. For the year, the following details have been budgeted. Output, 10,000 units; factory overheads $1,250,000, of which 60% is variable. Each wall unit should take 2.5 hours of direct labor to produce. SCG produced 9,500 units with 24,000 DLH used and $1,175,000 actual overhead was incurred. Overhead is allocated based on direct labor hours (DLH). What is SCG's total overhead absorbed? $1,200,000 $1,187,500 $1,175,000 $1,250,000

What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of the periodic and perpetual inventory systems? Why?

Aaron Heath is seeking part-time employment while he attends school. He is considering purchasing technical equipment that will enable him to start a small training services company that will offer tutorial services over the Internet. Aaron expects demand for the service to grow rapidly in the first two years of operation as customers learn about the availability of the Internet assistance. Thereafter, he expects demand to stabilize. The following table presents the expected cash flows:

In addition to these cash flows, Aaron expects to pay $21,300 for the equipment. He also expects to pay $3,200 for a major overhaul and updating of the equipment at the end of the second year of operation. The equipment is expected to have a $1,300 salvage value and a four year useful life. Aaron desires to earn a rate of return of 9 percent. (PV of $1 and PVA of $1) (Use appropriate factor(s) from the tables provided.)

Required

1. Calculate the net present value of the investment opportunity. (Negative amount should be indicated by a minus sign. Round intermediate calculations and final answer to 2 decimal places.)

2. Indicate whether the investment opportunity is expected to earn a return that is above or below the desired rate of return and whether it should be accepted.

Business Applications  Operating leverage: Description of business for Caterpillar, Inc.

With 2014 sales and revenues of $55.184 billion, Caterpillar is the world’s leading manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines, industrial gas turbines and diesel-electric locomotives. The company principally operates through its three product segments—Resource Industries, Construction Industries, and Energy & Transportation (formerly Power Systems)—and also provides financing and related services through its Financial Products segment. Caterpillar is also a leading U.S. exporter.

Description of business for the Kroger Company from its Form 10-K:

The Kroger Co. was founded in 1883 and incorporated in 1902. As of January 31, 2015, we are one of the largest retailers in the nation based on annual sales. . . .

As of January 31, 2015, Kroger operated, either directly or through its subsidiaries, 2,625 supermarkets and multi-department stores, 1,330 of which had fuel centers. Approximately 48% of these supermarkets were operated in Company-owned facilities, including some Company-owned buildings on leased land. Our current strategy emphasizes self-development and ownership of store real estate. Our stores operate under several banners that have strong local ties and brand recognition. Supermarkets are generally operated under one of the following formats: combination food and drug stores (“combo stores”); multi-department stores; marketplace stores; or price impact warehouses.

Required

1. Determine which company appears to have the higher operating leverage.
2. Write a paragraph or two explaining why the company you identified in Requirement a might be expected to have the higher operating leverage.
3. If revenues for both companies increased by 5 percent, which company do you think would likely experience the greater percentage increase in operating earnings? Explain your answer

What are the characteristics of limited liability company? What protection does it offer the partners of the company which a general partnership doesn’t?

Suppose, a company considers two alternative expansion projects. The first project requires initial outlay of -$100,000; and the second one costs less: - $7,000. Subsequent incremental cash flows from the more expensive project will be $27,000 for 5 years. The cash flows from the second alternative will be lower: $4,000 for 3 years. Which expansion project would you recommend the company undertakes and why? WACC is 7%.

Oxford Company has two divisions. Thames Division, which has an investment base of $81,000,000, produces and sells 940,000 units of a product at a market price of $148 per unit. Its variable costs total $40 per unit. The division also charges each unit $72 of fixed costs based on a capacity of 1,000,000 units.

Lakes Division wants to purchase 230,000 units from Thames. However, it is willing to pay only $80 per unit because it has an opportunity to accept a special order at a reduced price. The order is economically justifiable only if Lakes can acquire Thames’ output at a reduced price.

Division managers are evaluated using residual income using a 12 percent cost of capital

Required:

a. What is the residual income for Thames without the transfer to Lakes?

b. What is Thames’s residual income if it transfers 230,000 units to Lakes at $80 each?

c. What is the minimum transfer price for the 230,000-unit order that Thames would accept if it were willing to maintain the same residual income with the transfer as it would accept by selling its 940,000 units to the outside market? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)

Skane Shipping Ltd. (SSL) operates a fleet of container ships in international trade between Sweden and Singapore. All of the shipping income (that is, that related to SSL’s ships) is deemed to be earned in Sweden. SSL also owns a dock facility in Singapore that services SSL’s fleet. Income from the dock facility is deemed to be earned in Singapore. SSL’s income deemed attributable to Sweden is taxed at a 65 percent rate. Its income attributable to Singapore is taxed at a 20 percent rate. Last year, the dock facility had operating revenues of $14 million, excluding services performed for SSL’s ships. SSL’s shipping revenues for last year were $80 million.

Operating costs of the dock facility totaled $15 million last year and operating costs for the shipping operation, before deduction of dock facility costs, totaled $51 million. No similar dock facilities in Singapore are available to SSL.

However, a facility in Malaysia would have charged SSL an estimated $9 million for the services that SSL’s Singapore dock provided to its ships. SSL management noted that had the services been provided in Sweden, the costs for the year would have totaled $23 million. SSL argued to the Swedish tax officials that the appropriate transfer price is the price that would have been charged in Sweden. Swedish tax officials determined that the Malaysian price is the appropriate one.

Required:

1. Calculate the revenues, costs, income taxes and total taxes for both SSL and the Dock Facility using the Malaysian basis. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answers in millions rounded to 2 decimal places.)

2. Calculate the revenues, costs, income taxes and total taxes for both SSL and the Dock Facility using the Swedish basis. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answers in millions rounded to 2 decimal places.)

3. What is the difference in tax costs to SSL between the alternate transfer prices for dock services, that is, its price in Sweden versus that in Malaysia? (Do not round intermediate calculations.Enter your answer in millions rounded to 2 decimal places.)

What is Benford's Law and how can it be applied to detect financial statement fraud?