Irwin, Inc., constructed a machine at a total cost of $45 million. Construction was completed at the end of 2014 and the machine was placed in service at the beginning of 2015. The machine was being depreciated over a 10-year life using the sum-of-the-years’-digits method. The residual value is expected to be $1 million. At the beginning of 2018, Irwin decided to change to the straight-line method.

Ignoring income taxes, prepare the journal entry relating to the machine for 2018. (If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "No journal entry required" in the first account field. Enter your answers in millions rounded to 1 decimal place (i.e., 5,500,000 should be entered as 5.5).)
  

Answer:

financial accounting by Spiceland, J. David; Thomas, Wayne; Hermann, Don

Turn to page# 117 -> Read the Ethical Dilemma section on Prepaid Advertising (100% Points). Part I: a) Write the journal entries to record the advertising expense for the month of November 2018 and December 2018 (Assume $500,000 per each month). b) Write the journal entry to record the advertising cost as a Prepaid Ads (an asset) for the fiscal year 2018. c) If the Prepaid Ads journal is recorded and posted in 2018 (from item b) , what is the reversal journal for this transaction in fiscal year 2019? Part II: Answer the two(2) questions asked from the Ethical Dilemma problem : (1) As an employee, should you knowingly record advertising cost incorrectly if asked to do so by your superior?” (2) Does your answer change if you believe that misreporting will save employee jobs? The answer to Q1& Q2 (Part II) should be a min 1 paragraph / max up to 2 paragraphs.

Provide the following journal entries:

1.  On Feb. 1 ABC Company issues 100,000 shares for common stock, $1 par, and 10,000 shares of preferred stock, 6%, $100 par.  The common stock is sold at $72/share.  The preferred stock is sold at $108 per share.

2.  On April 1 the ABC Company Board declares the regular preferred dividend.  The record date is April 15, the payment date is April 30.

3.  On May 1 we buy back 10,000 shares of common at $81/share.

4.  On June 15 we sell 1,000 shares of treasury stock at $85/share.

5.  On October 15 we sell 2,000 shares of treasury stock at $62/share.

6.  On Dec. 15 our stock is trading at $110/share. We declare a 2 for 1 stock split.

Prospero Corporation’s total overhead costs at various levels of activity are presented below:

Assume that the total overhead costs above consist of utilities, supervisory salaries, and maintenance. The breakdown of these costs at the 4,000 machine-hour level of activity is:

Prospero Corporation’s management wants to break down the maintenance cost into its basic variable and fixed cost elements.

Required:

(1). Estimate how much of the $166,200 of overhead cost in October was maintenance cost. (Hint: to do this, it may be helpful to first determine how much of the $166,200 consisted of utilities and supervisory salaries. Think about the behavior of variable and fixed costs!)

(2). Using the high-low method, estimate a cost formula for maintenance.

(3). Express the company’s total overhead costs in the linear equation form Y = a + bX.

(4). What total overhead costs would you expect to be incurred at an operating activity level of 15,000 machine-hours?

Your client is a local independent grocer with five stores which competes with a number of large grocery chains. It purchases goods from several large grocery supply chains as well as from various vendors that sell directly to the store. Some vendors offer various advertising rebates or other price concessions for stocking goods.

Explain how your knowledge of the business and industry would impact your audit of total purchases and accounts payable for the client.

Pittman Company is a small but growing manufacturer of telecommunications equipment. The company has no sales force of its own; rather, it relies completely on independent sales agents to market its products. These agents are paid a sales commission of 15% for all items sold.

Barbara Cheney, Pittman’s controller, has just prepared the company’s budgeted income statement for next year as follows:

*Primarily depreciation on storage facilities.

As Barbara handed the statement to Karl Vecci, Pittman’s president, she commented, “I went ahead and used the agents’ 15% commission rate in completing these statements, but we’ve just learned that they refuse to handle our products next year unless we increase the commission rate to 20%.”

“That’s the last straw,” Karl replied angrily. “Those agents have been demanding more and more, and this time they’ve gone too far. How can they possibly defend a 20% commission rate?”

“They claim that after paying for advertising, travel, and the other costs of promotion, there’s nothing left over for profit,” replied Barbara.

“I say it’s just plain robbery,” retorted Karl. “And I also say it’s time we dumped those guys and got our own sales force. Can you get your people to work up some cost figures for us to look at?”

“We’ve already worked them up,” said Barbara. “Several companies we know about pay a 7.5% commission to their own salespeople, along with a small salary. Of course, we would have to handle all promotion costs, too. We figure our fixed expenses would increase by $2,550,000 per year, but that would be more than offset by the $3,400,000 (20% × $17,000,000) that we would avoid on agents’ commissions.”

The breakdown of the $2,550,000 cost follows:

“Super,” replied Karl. “And I noticed that the $2,550,000 equals what we’re paying the agents under the old 15% commission rate.”

“It’s even better than that,” explained Barbara. “We can actually save $78,200 a year because that’s what we’re paying our auditors to check out the agents’ reports. So our overall administrative expenses would be less.”

“Pull all of these numbers together and we’ll show them to the executive committee tomorrow,” said Karl. “With the approval of the committee, we can move on the matter immediately.”

Required:

1. Compute Pittman Company’s break-even point in dollar sales for next year assuming:

a. The agents’ commission rate remains unchanged at 15%.

b. The agents’ commission rate is increased to 20%.

c. The company employs its own sales force.

2. Assume that Pittman Company decides to continue selling through agents and pays the 20% commission rate. Determine the dollar sales that would be required to generate the same net income as contained in the budgeted income statement for next year.

3. Determine the dollar sales at which net income would be equal regardless of whether Pittman Company sells through agents (at a 20% commission rate) or employs its own sales force.

4. Compute the degree of operating leverage that the company would expect to have at the end of next year assuming:

a. The agents’ commission rate remains unchanged at 15%.

b. The agents’ commission rate is increased to 20%.

c. The company employs its own sales force.

Use income before income taxes in your operating leverage computation.

rev: 10_28_2015_QC_CS-28446

Citrus Girl Company (CGC) purchases quality citrus produce from local growers and sells the produce via the Internet across the United States. To keep costs down, CGC maintains a warehouse, but no showroom or retail sales outlets. CGC has the following information for the second quarter of the year:

1. Expected monthly sales for April, May, June, and July are $280,000, $250,000, $370,000, and $150,000, respectively.
2. Cost of goods sold is 30 percent of expected sales.
3. CGC’s desired ending inventory is 25 percent of the following month’s cost of goods sold.
4. Monthly operating expenses are estimated to be:

• Salaries: $36,000
• Delivery expense: 5 percent of monthly sales
• Rent expense on the warehouse: $7,500
• Utilities: $1,500
• Insurance: $150
• Other expenses: $250

Required:

1. Compute the budgeted cost of purchases for each month in the second quarter.

2. Complete the budgeted income statement for each month in the second quarter.

Carlsbad Corporation's sales are expected to increase from $5 million in 2018 to $6 million in 2019, or by 20%. Its assets totaled $4 million at the end of 2018. Carlsbad is at full capacity, so its assets must grow in proportion to projected sales. At the end of 2018, current liabilities are $1 million, consisting of $250,000 of accounts payable, $500,000 of notes payable, and $250,000 of accrued liabilities. Its profit margin is forecasted to be 3%.

1. Assume that the company pays no dividends. Under these assumptions, what would be the additional funds needed for the coming year? Write out your answer completely. For example, 5 million should be entered as 5,000,000. Round your answer to the nearest cent.
   $  
2. 
   
3. Why is this AFN different from the one when the company pays dividends?
   
   1. Under this scenario the company would have a higher level of retained earnings, which would reduce the amount of assets needed.
   2. Under this scenario the company would have a higher level of spontaneous liabilities, which would reduce the amount of additional funds needed.
   3. Under this scenario the company would have a lower level of retained earnings, which would increase the amount of additional funds needed.
   4. Under this scenario the company would have a lower level of retained earnings, which would decrease the amount of additional funds needed.
   5. Under this scenario the company would have a higher level of retained earnings, which would reduce the amount of additional funds needed.

What decisions would be difficult to take on the basis of just the information reported in their balance sheet?

Ticker Services began operations in 2015 and maintains long-term investments in available-for-sale securities. The year-end cost and fair values for its portfolio of these investments follow.

Prepare journal entries to record each year-end fair value adjustment for these securities.

Pittman Company is a small but growing manufacturer of telecommunications equipment. The company has no sales force of its own; rather, it relies completely on independent sales agents to market its products. These agents are paid a sales commission of 15% for all items sold.

Barbara Cheney, Pittman’s controller, has just prepared the company’s budgeted income statement for next year as follows:

*Primarily depreciation on storage facilities.

As Barbara handed the statement to Karl Vecci, Pittman’s president, she commented, “I went ahead and used the agents’ 15% commission rate in completing these statements, but we’ve just learned that they refuse to handle our products next year unless we increase the commission rate to 20%.”

“That’s the last straw,” Karl replied angrily. “Those agents have been demanding more and more, and this time they’ve gone too far. How can they possibly defend a 20% commission rate?”

“They claim that after paying for advertising, travel, and the other costs of promotion, there’s nothing left over for profit,” replied Barbara.

“I say it’s just plain robbery,” retorted Karl. “And I also say it’s time we dumped those guys and got our own sales force. Can you get your people to work up some cost figures for us to look at?”

“We’ve already worked them up,” said Barbara. “Several companies we know about pay a 7.5% commission to their own salespeople, along with a small salary. Of course, we would have to handle all promotion costs, too. We figure our fixed expenses would increase by $3,750,000 per year, but that would be more than offset by the $5,000,000 (20% × $25,000,000) that we would avoid on agents’ commissions.”

The breakdown of the $3,750,000 cost follows:

“Super,” replied Karl. “And I noticed that the $3,750,000 equals what we’re paying the agents under the old 15% commission rate.”

“It’s even better than that,” explained Barbara. “We can actually save $115,000 a year because that’s what we’re paying our auditors to check out the agents’ reports. So our overall administrative expenses would be less.”

“Pull all of these numbers together and we’ll show them to the executive committee tomorrow,” said Karl. “With the approval of the committee, we can move on the matter immediately.”

Required:

1. Compute Pittman Company’s break-even point in dollar sales for next year assuming:

a. The agents’ commission rate remains unchanged at 15%.

b. The agents’ commission rate is increased to 20%.

c. The company employs its own sales force.

2. Assume that Pittman Company decides to continue selling through agents and pays the 20% commission rate. Determine the dollar sales that would be required to generate the same net income as contained in the budgeted income statement for next year.

3. Determine the dollar sales at which net income would be equal regardless of whether Pittman Company sells through agents (at a 20% commission rate) or employs its own sales force.

4. Compute the degree of operating leverage that the company would expect to have at the end of next year assuming:

a. The agents’ commission rate remains unchanged at 15%.

b. The agents’ commission rate is increased to 20%.

c. The company employs its own sales force.

Use income before income taxes in your operating leverage computation.

Determine the dollar sales at which net income would be equal regardless of whether Pittman Company sells through agents (at a 20% commission rate) or employs its own sales force. (Do not round intermediate calculations.)

• 	Degree of Operating Leverage a. The agents’ commission rate remains unchanged at 15%. b. The agents’ commission rate is increased to 20%. c. The company employs its own sales force.