Question

1. What is intelligence? Describe the WISC-IV intelligence test. Write 1 paragraph. Describe Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences. Describe Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence. Compare and contrast these 3 different ways of examining intelligence. Write 1 paragraph.

2.   Self-esteem decreases for girls and boys in Middle Childhood. Why?

3. Describe different educational experiences for adolescents across cultures. How are educational experiences different in different countries for adolescents?

4.   Describe adolescent egocentrism. How does the “imaginary audience” and “the personal fable” influence the adolescent’s self-esteem? Demonstrate your understanding of these concepts in your explanation.

5. Describe Lev Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development. Include a description of the zone of proximal development and scaffolding.

6. Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. How is this different from the Worldview Theory?

7. Apply Erik Erikson's stages to each of the following developmental stages: Toddlerhood, Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, and Adolescence.?

Answer 1

7. Apply Erik Erikson's stages to each of the following developmental stages: Toddlerhood, Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, and Adolescence.

Ans. Erik Erikson (1950, 1963) proposed a theory of psychosocial development that has eight stages spanning from infancy to adulthood. During each stage of the lifecycle, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis that can result in a positive or negative outcome for personality development.

Toddlerhood- According to the Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the stage between the age of 18 months and 3 years is called the autonomy versus Shame and Doubt stage. At this stage, the child is developing physically. The child is learning to be more mobile. Erikson observes that at this stage an encouraging environment is beneficial for a child's personality development. They become more confident and if children face criticism they begin to feel inadequate and doubt their abilities.

Early Childhood- According to the Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development around age three to five, initiative versus guilt stage is observed. At this stage, children assert themselves more frequently. Children begin to initiate activities, make games and interact with other kids at school. This stage is responsible for developing interpersonal skills and confidence to make decisions.

Middle Childhood- According to the Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the fourth stage of that occurs during childhood between the ages of five and twelve is Industry (competence) versus inferiority stage. Children in this stage are learning to read, write and tend to do things on their own. At this stage teachers and peer group begin to take greater significance and are important to form the child’s self-esteem. If children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in their ability to achieve goals. If this initiative is not encouraged, if it is restricted by parents or teacher, then the child begins to feel inferior, doubting his own abilities and therefore may not reach his or her potential.

Adolescence- Identity vs. Role Confusion is the fifth stage in the psychosocial theory of Erikson. It occurs between the age of 12-19 Years. The adolescents during this period are preoccupied with the thought that how they appear to others. They are constantly grappling with a sense of self and personal identity. They are in the process of exploring their values, beliefs and goals. This is a major stage as the children look towards the future career prospect.