Question

To stay alive, all organisms must keep their biological systems stable even though they live
in a changing, and sometimes life-threatening, environment. To maintain this stability,
organisms continually monitor and respond to changes in the environment. The internal
stability that organisms maintain is known homeostasis.
Homeostasis sometimes appears with the words dynamic equilibrium or steady state. These
terms all involve the idea of “a constant balance.” If an organism’s monitoring systems fail,
disease or even death can result.
Diseases in humans may result from a number of different causes. The following table list
causes of different diseases.
CAUSE OF DISEASE EXAMPLES
Inherited disorders Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease
Pathogens Chicken pox, AIDS, strep throat, athletes foot, Malaria
Exposure to Toxins Lead poisoning, radiation poisoning
Poor nutrition Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency), goiter (iodine deficiency)
Organ malfunction Heart attack, diabetes, autoimmune ailments
High-risk behaviors Lung cancer, drug addiction, skin cancer
Task: Choose one disease (listed or in addition to those listed) to research and write about.
In brief, the following elements are necessary for a complete research paper:
1. A short introduction to the disease, which will include a short statement on each of
the following topics:
a. The nature of the disease (what symptoms does the disease produce, or what
body system does the disease attack).
b. The cause of the disease.
c. The prevalence of the disease (How many people are affected by the disease).
d. The range of the disease (How is this disease distributed worldwide).
e. The severity of the disease (How “bad” is the disease? Is it fatal? How many
people who catch the disease actually die of this disease?).
f. How the disease is transmitted in humans.
g. Any other interesting facts about the disease.
2.
3. The immunological response to the disease:
a. How the immune system responds to the disease.
4. How the disease is diagnosed and treated including:
a. Typical symptoms
b. Prevention of the disease
c. Medical treatments including:
I. Modern medicine or drug therapies
II. Vaccines
III. Cutting-edge research
IV. If your disease has an application in bioterrorism

Disease as a Failure of Homeostasis

Your report must have a cover page and a bibliography. Use www.easybib.com to help you
with the bibliography. You must put all work in your own words or quote your sources. Any
form of plagiarism will result in a failing grade.
5. Graphics:
a. An illustration or photograph of the pathogen, if the disease is caused by one.
b. An illustration or photograph of the appearance of any diseased organ or body
part (however, you may not show any illustration of a sexual organ.)

Sources: You must have a minimum of three.

Answer 1

1 ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFFICIENCY SYNDROME OR AIDS CAUSED BY HIV VIRUS IT ATTACKS CD4 LYMPHOCYTES AND REDUCE IMMUNITY OF THE PERSON .SO THE [PERSON SUFFERS FROM OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION . THE DISEASE IS FATAL .TRANSMISSION MAINLY BY UNPROTECTED SEX . DIAGNOSIS BY ELISA AND CONFIRMATION BY WESTERN BLOT TEST .TREATMENT INCLUDES ANTIVIRAL DRUGS

a) VIRUS ENTER THROUGH CD4 RECEPTOR MEDIATED CELL FUSION . AFTER ENTRY IT REPLICATES BY TRANSCRIPTION OF ITS RNA TO DOUBLE STRANDED DNA ,IT HAS A LATENT STAGE AND WHEN PROGENIES RELEASED LYTIC STAGE IT CAUSE DAMAGE TO CD4 CELLS AND REVERSE THE CD4 AND CD8 CELLS MAJOR DAMAGE TO CELLULAR IMMUNITY LEADS TO DAMAGE IN HUMERAL IMMUNITY ALSO

CLINICALY IT HAS 5 STAGES

1 ACUTE INFECTION

LOW GRADE FEVER

MALAISE

HEADACHE

LYMPHADENOPATHY SYMPTOMS USUALLY APPEARS AFTER 3 TO 6 WEEKS

2 ASYMPTOMATIC STAGE

STAGE OF CLINICAL LATENCY MAY LAST FOR SEVERAL YEARS

3 PERSISTANT GENERALISED LYMPHADENOPATHY

ENLARGED LYMPHNODES INMORE THAN 2 SITES FOR AT LEAST 3 MONTHS

4 AIDS RELATED COMPLEX

DUE TO DEFICIENCY IN IMMUNITY MILD CONSTITUTIONAL SYMPTOMS AND MINOR OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONBEGINS TO APPEAR LIKE ORAL CANDIDIASIS, HERPES ZOSTER ,LEUKOPLAKIA ,T.B

5 AIDS

END STAGE DISEASE REPRESENTING IRREVERSIBLE BREAKDOWN OF IMMUNE DEFENCE MECHANISM LEADING TO PROGRESSIVE OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION AND MALIGNANCIES LIKE PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINI AND KARPOSIS SARCOMA

b ) CAUSED BY THE RNA VIRUS HIV

C)in 2018 estimated that 37.9 million people were livingwith HIV GLOBAL HIV PREVALENCE .8 PERCENTAGE

e )AMONG ADULTS IN 2018 - 770000 PEOPLE DIED OF AIDS RELATED DISEASE

d ) the countries ,switzerland ,lesotho and botswana has high prevalence about 27.3 percent . PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV ARE LOCATED IN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES , 68 PERCENTAGE IN SUBSAHARAN AFRICA

f) mode of transmission

sexual transmission

by blood transfusion

transplacental from mother to child

g) following initial attack the patient may not notice it and the virus remains latent for years .diagnosis will be after many years of infection

2 ,3immunal response to infection , earlier discussed the entry of pathogen

hightend immunoactivation result in accelerated activation and proliferation of memmory effector cd4 cells . this die rapidly as a cosequence of activation induced cell death or direct infection by hiv aids has a window period ,it takes several months to produce antibodiesagainst antigen ,during this period individual is highly infective ,but antibody detection negative .

4 symptoms all ready discussed

diagnosis

A immunological test

1 total leucocyte and lymphocyte count shows leucopenia

2 t cell subset assays t4 t8 ratio

3 platelet count show thrombocytopenia

4 raised IgG ,IgA LEVELS

5 DIMINISHED CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN SKIN TESTS

6 LYMPHNODE BIOPSY SHOWS PROFOUND ABNORMALITY

B specific test for HIV

1 .ANTIGEN DETECTION

IgM APPEAR IN 4 TO 8 WEEKS FOLLOWED BY IgG

P 24 ELISA USED FOR SCREENING ALSO

2 VIRUS ISOLATION

FROM LYMPHOCYTES

3 PCR

GOLD STRAND OF DIAGNOSIS OF HIV , DNA PCR AN D RNA PCR ARE USED

4 ANTIBODY DETECTION

SERONEGATIVE INDIVIDUAL ALSO CARRIES INFECTION DUE TO WINDOW PERIOD

2 TYPES OF ANTIBODY TEST

SCREENING AND FOR CONFIRMATION

DIRECT SOLIDPHASE ANTIGLOBULIN ELISA FOR SCREENING AND WESTERN BLOT FOR CONFIRMATION

TREATMENT

NO CURE EXIST FOR AIDS BUT CAN SLOW THE PROGRESS OF DISEASE BY ANTIRETROVIRAL REGIMENS ,A COMBINATION OF DAILY MEDICATION THAT STOP VIRUS REPRODUCTION SOME ANTI RETROVIRALS ARE

NRTIS ,DDL EMTRICITABINE ,TAF, TDF

PREVENSION

BY PROTECTED SEX , NOT SHARING NEEDLES , LIMITING SEXUAL PARTNERS ,

THERE IS NO HIV VACCINE. RESEARCHES ARE ONGOING  

IT HAS AN APPLICATION IN BIO TERRORISM