Question

1- why are Supererogatory actions a problem for Utilitarianism? Be sure to Explain what is supererogatory actions and why is it problem?

2- What is the problem of Special Obligation? Be sure to Explain what special obligations are and why they are a problem of utilitarianism? In brief

Answer 1

(Answer) (1) Utilitarianism: The definition as coined by founder Jeremy Bentham, “Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong solely on the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies. As such, it moves beyond the scope of one's own interests and takes into account the interests of others.”

Supererogatory actions are not based on utility but are extraneous actions that are performed with certain motives. They are not generally actions that are particularly “called for.” Utilitarianism considers actions that are of a certain use or useful outcome.

Utilitarianism and supererogatory actions negate each other when the outcomes of both are considerably different. For instance, an individual might not choose to follow a certain rule that brings about a desired outcome but rather break a rule in order to do what is morally right.

(2) Special obligations are favours or duties that are owed to a special subset of people and not all individuals. Utilitarianism would entail a natural obligation where in an individual is obliged to do a particular thing that based on desired outcomes not for the interest of a few but rather for the interest of many. This is why special obligations pose a threat to utilitarianism. For instance, a friend might not complain about another friend even though it is the right thing to do. Rather, the friend might cover up for the other’s mistake simply because they are friends and obliged to do so.