Choose four items from the following list. For the four items you choose, describe their roles in skeletal muscle contraction.

List to choose from:

• acetylcholine
• actin
• ATP
• Ca²⁺
• myosin
• sarcomere
• SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
• T-tubules
• troponin
• tropomyosin

why are unsaturated fatty acids the “good” fats to have in your diet? What is the importance of unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids and unsaturated omega-6 fatty acids in your diet? What percentage of your total fat intake should be unsaturated fatty acids? What kinds of foods contain a significant amount of unsaturated fatty acids? And is it possibly to consume too many unsaturated fatty acids in your diet, and if so what are some effects that the increased amounts of unsaturated fatty acids would have on your body, likes diseases or health conditions?

New life form discovered bottom of the ocean. This life form uses 8 new amino acids to build proteins, with also the 20 that are already use. Also, size of their codons appears the same as ours. Which statements could be expected to be true for this life form?

Select one:

a. Protein structure will be less diverse

b. Genetic code will be more redundant so more of the codons code for the same amino acids

c. Must have less nucleotides than we do

d. the genetic code will be less redundant so less codons code for the same amino acid

e. No statements can be expected from this life form

Choose only one of these! Discuss the inheritance pattern, populations commonly found in, phenotypes, cellular physiology, and “molecular” stories for: Red-green color blindness, Tay Sachs, Cystic fibrosis, or Hypercholesterolemia.

Please choose one and give detailed info: Red-green color blindness, Tay sachs, Cystic fibrosis or Hypercholesterolemia.

hypothesis: roses watered with liquid vitamin B grow faster than roses fed with water alone?

dependent variable :

independent variable :

name several control variables :

what would be a positive control: why?

what would be a negative control: why?

.What does the Cry family of proteins specifically do to a target organism? Does this affect any organism that consumes the Cry protein? What is required in the host in order for this protein to be toxic?

Q 6-14 Multiple Choice In the space provided after the question #, record A if 1, 2, 3 are all correct B if 1 & 3 are correct C if 2 & 4 are correct D if 4 is only correct E if all are correct 6 During glucose tolerance testing: 1 The patient starts in a fasting state 2 Collection of blood is done at timed intervals 3 Used to detect hypo and hyper glycemia 4 Glucose is administered at timed intervals 7 Blood glucose: 1 Is low in hyperglycemia 2 Is elevated by insulin 3 Is not influenced by diet or exercise 4 Determinations are demonstrated most specifically by enzyme methods 8 The glucose renal threshold 1 Is the blood glucose concentration above which glucose is excreted in the urine 2 May differ slightly amongst individuals 3 Is a regulating effect that the kidney controls 4 Is most commonly exceeded in diabetes mellitus 9 Glucose determinations can be done on 1 Whole blood 2 Serum 3 Plasma 4 Cerebrospinal fluid 10 Normally blood sugar not oxidized at once for energy is: 1 Stored in the liver as glycogen 2 Stored in the muscles as glycogen 3 Converted to fat and stored in the adipose tissue of the body 4 Excreted by the kidneys 11 Hormones that have the effect of raising blood glucose concentrations is(are) 1 Growth hormone (GH) 2 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 3 Thyroxin 4 Insulin 12 Capillary blood specimens for glucose determination 1 Are used for point of care (POCT) home monitoring 2 Is thought of as venous rather than arterial blood 3 Is 5 mg/dL higher than venipuncture glucose 4 Must have anticoagulant added prior to testing 13 Blood obtained by venipuncture may show falsely decreased glucose concentration 1 Due to glycolysis 2 Due to enzymes present in blood cells 3 And may be avoided by storing as cell-free plasma 4 By using sodium fluoride anticoagulant 14 Sources of error when using blood glucose reflectance meters are 1 Variations in the amount of blood used 2 Washing and wiping of strips 3 Calibration of the meter 4 Using capillary blood rather than venous blood

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and a proton:

CO2 + H2O ? HCO3- + H+

This enzyme is necessary for the reaction shown above to occur rapidly enough for normal kidney function. Which of the following might you expect to occur if we inhibited the carbonic anhydrase present in renal tubular cells?

increased excretion of protons into the lumen of the renal tubule

respiratory alkalosis

metabolic acidosis

Please answer the following questions below:

Read each of the examples below, and indicate which is an example of positive feedback and which is an example of negative feedback. Also provide at least one example of a threshold that might be observed within the system as it is described.

Have you ever considered whether you or someone you love might be at risk for some type of cancer?

1. Identify 2 controllable risk factors associated with the disease. Explain how each risk factor contributes to the onset of this disease.

2. Identify 2 uncontrollable risk factors associated with the disease. Explain how each relates to the prevalence/onset of this disease.

3. What evidence-based steps are important to take in order to reduce your (their) risk of this type of cancer?

Below are descriptions of different steps in the immune response. Each description has an associated letter. Use the letters to answer the questions below matching each question with the best answer. Note, only use each letter once in answering the questions.

A. Phagocytosis of the pathogen

B. Memory B cells recognizing an antigen and activating a secondary immune response

C. Release of interferons from an infected cell that activates apoptosis of nearby cells

D. Antigen-presenting macrophage interacts with a helper T cell

E. Plasma cells producing antibodies specific to an antigen

Which is the first step in the innate immune response activating the adaptive immune response?

Which step will occur after an individual has developed immunity to a specific pathogen?

Which step occurs directly after a macrophage recognizes a pathogen through interaction with antigens on the surface of the pathogen?

Which statement describes what B cells mature into after activation by a T cell?

Which step describes an innate immune response to viral pathogens?

Describe the reproductive systems of male and female squid. Describe how and where fertilization takes place. Where do the larvae develop?