Chapter 7: How Cells Harvest Energy

• Interpret the role of electrons, electron carriers, and ATP in energy metabolism
• Explain the purpose of oxygen in respiration
• Describe where in the cell and where in mitochondria each process of cellular respiration happens
• Summarize the initial reactants, final products and outcomes of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and Krebs cycle. In this summary, track the carbons, the electrons and the ATP produced.
• Illustrate the purpose of the electron transport chain, where those electrons come from and where do they end up.
• Contrasts the two mechanisms for producing ATP and their relative efficiency.
• Distinguish the process and the outcomes between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Complete the missing sequences for wild-type hemoglobin. Label all ends. The protein starts in the provided segment. Hint: Examine Figures 16.4, 16.6, and 16.7 in Biological Science (Sixth Edition).

22. The cell walls of plants, fungi, bacteria and archaeans are composed of different polymers yet serve the same function (support and protection). What does this signify about their evolution? (2)

23. Binary fission in bacteria produces a(an)

a. identical copy (clone) of the original cell

b. new combinations of genes in the ‘offspring’

24. The process of a bacterium taking up DNA from its environment is called

25. The process of ‘bacterial sex’ (DNA transferred from one bacterium to another via a pilus) is called

26. The process of genes being transferred between bacteria via a virus is called

27. Why might sexual reproduction in bacteria be important? (2)

28. An organism that produces its own food using energy obtained from the sun is called a

a. photoautotroph

b. heterotroph

c. mixotroph

d. chemoautotroph

29. An organism that must eat other organisms to obtain food/energy is called a

a. photoautotroph

b. heterotroph

c. mixotroph

d. chemoautotroph

30. A protist that can photosynthesize and/or consume another organism is called a

a. photoautotroph

b. heterotroph

c. mixotroph

d. chemoautotroph

31. A prokaryote that can use oxygen if it is present, but can also live in the absence of oxygen is called a(an)

a. facultative anaerobe

b. obligate aerobe

c. obligate anaerobe

32. What is a biofilm? Give an example.

33. Why was Kingdom Protista abandoned (or disbanded) in the early 1990’s?

You are a genetic counselor. As a genetic counselor, you know:

-Dry (as opposed to wet) earwax is an autosomal recessive trait.

-Red-green colorblindness is an X-linked recessive trait.

-Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal recessive trait.

-The genes for these traits (see above) are located on different chromosomes.

You are counseling a woman and a man, as described below.

Question A. The woman is heterozygous for wet earwax. She has red-green colorblindness. What is the woman’s genotype?

Question B. What are the possible gamete genotypes that she can produce?

Question C. The man has dry earwax. He not have red-green colorblindness. What is the man’s genotype?

Question D. What are the possible gamete genotypes that he can produce?

Question E. The woman and the man are planning to have children. What is the probability that a daughter will have neither dry earwax nor red-green colorblindness? What is the probability that a son will have neither dry earwax nor red-green colorblindness? Hint: Complete a Punnett square

What is Counterfeit medications and their negative impacts on health care? paragraph

What are Counterfeit drugs: a growing, global threat ? paragraph

What is the advantage of using double negative 3 cells (DN3) cells to analyse gene expression using real time PCR in leukemia research?

E. coli are able to break down lactose when present, and this is regulated by the lac Operon. Describe the mechanisms for the positive and negative control of this operon, and briefly discuss the advantages of both forms of control for this operon.

What are the goals, advantages, and limitations of designing toys for cerebral palsy therapy? Please discuss in detail

Discuss the limitation of DNA polymerase. Make sure to include the consequence of these limitations, especially for eukaryotic chromosomes, and how these organisms have evolved to counter these limitations.

Describe how the various types of protozoans move, and give an example of each type.

What type of algae are believed to be closely related to the first plants? Why?

How might diseases like malaria, which are transmitted via mosquitoes, be affected by global warming?

Explain the difference between pollination and fertilization in plants.

What features are seen in angiosperms that are not seen in gymnosperms? How do they contribute to the success of angiosperms?

Which plant group provides the world’s major food crops of wheat, rice, and corn?

1)Which of the following is FALSE regarding lipids?

Select one:

a. They often are polymers of fatty acids

b. They have a low oxygen to carbon content

c. They are nonpolar molecules

d. They are used solely as fuel for the body

e. They include cholesterol molecules

2) Trans fat

Select one:

a. Contribute more to cardiovascular disease than cholesterol does

b. Lower the LDL in our bodies

c. Are a form of cholesterol

d. Dissolve in water

e. Are saturated fatty acids

1) Which of the following is FALSE regarding nucleotides?

Select one:

a. They polymerize by linking the bases together

b. An example is dUDP

c. They contain a purine or pyrimidine

d. A nitrogenous base is bound to a sugar molecule which is bound to a phosphate group

e. They are the monomeric subunits of nucleic acids

2) Which of the following would not follow the base pair rules between DNA (left) and RNA (right)?

Select one:

a. T::A

b. A::T

c. G::C

d. C::G