1. Determining Inheritance using Punnett Squares

The condition of sickle cell anemia is recessive and only the homozygous recessive individuals are adversely affected. Interestingly, heterozygous individuals have increased resistance to Malaria which is caused by a Plasmodium parasite that infects red blood cells. A heterozygous individual has red blood cells that are minimally affected but are altered enough so that Plasmodium cannot infect the cells. This is one reason why this allele persists in the population – in the heterozygous state it gives the individual an advantage for survival in some environments.

Veronica, who has the sickle cell condition, and Mason who does not have the condition have a child. They are worried about the having a child with sickle cell anemia and malaria because they are moving to a part of Africa where the Plasmodium is common. Who in this family should be worried about sickle cell anemia and contracting malaria?

It is well-known and documented that numerous bacteria have acquired resistance to penicillins by acquiring the gene for beta -lactamase. What has been discovered is that some of these bacteria have developed this resistance without acquiring this gene. Explain at least two mechanisms of which this is possible and how do these bacteria escape the metabolic effects of penicillin?

You have discovered a new virus that contains only RNA as its genetic material. Curious as to how this virus works, you infect host cells with this virus and discover that after infection, the host cell makes lots of viral RNA molecules and various viral proteins. Upon further examination, you discover that the viral genome has been inserted into the host genome as DNA.

These are the steps of the information flow for this virus. Each arrow represents a process that is carried out by an enzyme.

RNA viral genome --> DNA --> RNA --> protein
Considering an actively-dividing, normal cell that carries the viral genome, indicate

whether the following statements are true or false for the virus discussed above.

You do NOT need to give reasoning or justification for your answer. Just answer true or false in your answer booklet.

Answer A, B, C, and D

A) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is used at some point during the viral life cycle to copy the viral genome. (1.5 marks)

B) The polymerase used by the virus to copy its genome forms a covalent bond between a 5? phosphate and a 3? hydroxyl. (1.5 marks)

C) During copying of the viral genome, polymerization would proceed in the 3? --> 5?direction. (1.5 marks)

D) Deoxyribonucleotides would be incorporated into the viral genome that is inserted into the host chromosome.

Choose from the following list of words to complete the paragraph below. Not all terms will be used, and none of them can be used more than once.

positive     intermediate     free   negative   substrate   product   activation   thermal

An enzyme reduces the_____________ energy of a reaction, causing it to occur more frequently at a given temperature than it would otherwise. This does not alter the________ energy of the reactants or products. If the ΔG of a reaction is____________ , the reaction is spontaneous. Reactions that have a common____________ and are part of the same pathway are energetically coupled since the  ΔG for the pathway is the sum of the  ΔGs of the individual reactions.

In an interrupted mating experiment with the a⁺b⁺c⁺ donor, the a^-b^-c^- recipient becomes a⁺ after 10 min, b⁺ after 5 min, and c⁺ after 12 min. What is the order of the genes?

Group of answer choices

abc

bac

bca

Suppose you have discovered a new species on Mars whose genome consists of normal double-stranded DNA. After isolating the DNA, you find that adenine makes up 20% of the bases in its DNA. What is the percentage of guanine bases in its DNA?

Group of answer choices

10%

20%

30%

60%

One of the DNA strands in a double-stranded DNA molecule has the sequence 5’-ACCTGCTACGG-3’. What is the sequence of the complementary DNA strand?

Group of answer choices

5’-TGGACGATGCC-3’

3’-CCGTAGCAGGT-5’

5’-CCGTAGCAGGT-3’

3'-ACCTGCTACGG-5’

1. Outline two experimental methods to test the hypothesis that marijuana alters a) gene expression and b) protein expression in mice brains. Explain also how you will know the specific identity of the genes and proteins that are altered. You will need to search the literature for biochemical techniques that would be appropriate.
2. Assume you find a gene that is upregulated in mice brains in response to marijuana. How would you determine exactly where in the mouse brain this gene is expressed and to what extent? In addition, how would you determine the subcellular localization of the protein corresponding to this gene? Briefly, outline five experiments to address these questions. You will need to search the literature for biochemical techniques that would be appropriate.

How do the Km values of glucokinase and hexokinase reflect their roles in sugar metabolism ?

Question: What is the significance of a lab value's half-life? How would you use that information to assess the lab value?

For example, albumin has a half life of 18-21 days, can someone explain the significance of this and how I would use that information to assess the lab value?

Construct a visual aid that integrates the concepts covered in our discussions on Nutrient Assimilation in animals (digestion and absorption of all three macromolecules) Summaries should include at a minimum (but are not limited to these concepts and ideas):

o the three major food macromolecules; make sure you include their monomer and polymer structures.

o How each are enzymatically digested (including the enzymes involved and where the enzymes are active or activated)

o How digested monomers and compounds are absorbed (make sure to specifically describe the transport processes)

o The alimentary structures and/or locations where these processes occur

Describe the way in which DNA is replicated with reference to the following: (a) The formation of a replication bubble with 2 replication forks in opposite directions,the involvement of Okazaki fragments in replication, the synthesis of leading and lagging strand and the direction in which chain elongation occurs.

Please explain the following questions:

- What is the Calvin Cycle and what does it do?

- What is the fluid mosiac model?

Trace pathway for the digestive system for fat. Start at mouth end at heart.

The structure of chromatin at the centromeres is passed on to daughter cells through epigenetic inheritance, meaning without any input from the DNA sequence. Explain how this occurs.