Question

Please keep answers short, but concise.

1. how do pathogens change genteically (3 mothods)

2. define epi-, en-, and pandemic disease

3. three factors that promote the spread of pandemic disease

Answer 1

1)

Genetic changes in pathogens occur by

Genetic changes or mutation =It is a major mechanism to development of new pathogen or new strain in a short period of time

Mutation = Change in the genetic sequence of an organism is called mutation. mutations effect the epidemiology and virulence of a pathogen in relation to surroundings .

Genetic variation in bacterial antigens like capsule ,toxins etc can cause serious effects.

2)​

• Epidemic disease is the presence of disease in large number of population in a short period of time.Epidemic diseases are confined in a location.
• ex: Plague ,small pox,measeles
• Endemic Disease is the presence or maintenance of disease with in a population.
• ex: chicken pox
• Pandemic disease= if the disease spreads to other regions or countries at the same time then it is considered as a pandemic disease.
• ex: Tuberculosis ,Flu

3) Factors responsible for spread of pandemic diseases:

• Development of new subtype of virus
• spreading of infection by sneezing,coughing etc
• air ,water and food contamination
• zoonotic interface
• spread of disease by in animate objects
• Global travel
• migration due to wars,famines and natural disasters etc