Question

research hemorrhage, describe the condition, and include at least 30 medical terms and bold them as you discuss signs and symptoms and treatment.  

Please Bold the condition and terms that would be new to most people.

Cite the references if you have used them in the research process. Please do not plagiarize. I will upvote if completed like this!

Answer 1

Haemorrhage

It is the escape of blood from the blood vessels (artery, vein, capillary)

2 types -

a) Haemorrhage by diapedesis

Blood comes out through an apparently intact vascular wall. it is likely that certain injurious agents affects the permeability of the blood vessel by increasing the endothelial gap.

b) Haemorrhage by rhexis

Occurs when there is a rupture or break of a blood vessel.

Etiology

a) Physiological - occurs during parturition, menustraton, rupture of graffian follicle and rupture of umbilical vein

b) Pathological - I) Trauma - injuries like lacteration, incisions ii) Bacterial and viral diseases - bacterial toxins produced in septicaemic infection are chiefly responsible for petechiae and ecchymoses seen on serous and mucous membranes. iii) bookworms can inject the anticoagulants. some can produce aneurysm which causes weakening of blood vessels and ultimately rupture. iv) Necrosis and destruction of blood vessel wall.- spreading neoplasm, ulcers and atheroma changes produce degeneration, necrosis and weakening of blood vessel wall. v) with increased blood pressure vi) by toxic chemicals vii) haemorrhagic diathesis - there are a group of clinical disorders characterized by increased bleeding tendency- include - increased vascular fragility, thrombocytopenia, defective platelet function, abnormalities in clotting factors(haemophilia).

Types of Haemorrhages

Classified according to -

a) Source -

a. cardiac b. arterial c. venous d. capillary haemorrhage

b) size and shape of extravasated blood

i) petechial haemorrhage - are tiny pin-point hemorrhages with disaster not larger than 2 mm.

ii) purpura - hemorrhages of size 0.3- 1 cm diameter.

iii) ecchymotic hemorrhage - are large, blotchy hemorrhages of about 1-2 cm diameter

- When blood is enclosed within a tissue, the accumulation is referred to as a hematoma or haematocyst.

Symptoms and signs-

- When hemorrhages in tissues spread per considerable areas - Extravasations

- Haemorrhages that appear as lines on crests of mucous membranes - linear haemorrhages.

- Petechiae or ecchymoses arising in association with death struggle are known as agonal haemorrhage.

c) Location

a. perivascular

b. perirenal

c. subserous

d. subcutaneous

e. parenchymatous

f. subscapsular

Microscopically

RBC are seen outside the blood vessels. if haemorrhage is recent- RBCs are intact and stain sharply. after sometime they disintegrate due to action of tissue enzyes and phagocytes. Hemosiderin will be released from the disintegrating RBCs which appear as golden-brown granules with irregular size and shape.

Significance and result

Significance depends on volume, rate of blood loss and size ad location of haemorrhage. sudden loss up to 20% of total volume or slow losses of even large amounts - little significance. f greater than loss up to 20% the man or animal will die.even small haemorrhage in brain can cause death but that haemorrhage in muscle won't cause that much fatal conditions. A sudden haemorrhage into pericardial sac, prevents the normal diastole and so it doesn't get filled up. As a result blood will be pooled in the peripheral organs, ultimately leading to arrest of circulation and death and this condition is called cardiac tamponade.

Treatment

- make the person calm to keep the heart rate and blood pressure in normal range.

- make the person to lay down

- remove the foreign substances that caused trauma as fast as possible.

- use something like bandages, clothing etc to apply pressure over the wound

- tie with tourniquet at appropriate positions.

Various terms associated with haemorrhages at various regions of our body

Bleeding from nose - epistaxis

blood in vomit - haematemesis

bleeding from uterus - metrorrhgia

bleeding from intestine - enterorrhagia

tarry coloured blood from stool - melena

fresh blood in stool - hematochezia

blood in urine - hematuria

blood from tunica vaginalis of testicle - haematocele

bleeding in oviduct - hemosalpinx

bleeding in brain with loss of consciousness - apoplexy

blood in thoracic cavity - hemothorax

blood in pericardial sac - hemopericardium

blood in peritoneal cavity - hemoperitoneum

blood in uterus - hemometra

blood in joint - hemarthrosis

blood in anterior chamber of eye - hyphema