Question

give a comprehensive definition of the following term

*antigen
* antibody
* antiserum
* agglutination
* haemoglobin
* polyclonal antibodies
* monoclonal antibodies
* hybridomal cell
* agglutination

Answer 1

Antigen-substance that is capable of stimulating an immune response, specifically activating lymphocytes, which are the body’s infection-fighting white blood cells. In general, two main divisions of antigens are recognized: foreign antigens (or heteroantigens) and autoantigens (or self-antigens). Foreign antigens originate from outside the body.

Antibodies-also called immunoglobulin, a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen. ... Antibodies are produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells).

Antiserum- blood serum that contains specific antibodies against an infective organism or poisonous substance.

Agglutination-defined as the formation of clumps of cells or inert particles by specific antibodies to surface antigenic components (direct agglutination) or to antigenic components adsorbed or chemically coupled to red cells or inert particles (passive hemagglutination and passive agglutination, respectively)

Hemoglobin-iron-containing protein in the blood of many animals—in the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of vertebrates—that transports oxygen to the tissues. .

Polyclonal antibodies-A Polyclonal Antibody represents a collection of antibodies from different B cells that recognize multiple epitopes on the same antigen.

Monoclonal antibodies-Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory produced antibodies designed to recognise and bind to specific receptors found on the surface of cells. They are derived from natural antibodies, complex proteins derived from a single B cell made by the body's immunological defence system to recognise and fight foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses.

Hybridomal cell-hybrid cell produced by the fusion of an antibody-producing lymphocyte with a tumor cell and used to culture continuously a specific monoclonal antibody