Question

Using approximately 400-500 words, choose a sports skill you wish to analyze. Some examples include a free throw shot, softball pitch, soccer kick, baseball swing, tennis swing, etc. Discuss what movements occur at the ankle, knee, hip, spine, shoulder, elbow, and wrist. Compare the movements bilaterally, or both sides. In which planes do these movements occur? What axis of rotation occurs at each joint?

Answer 1

✓Free throw shot : In basketball, free throws or foul shots are unopposed attempts to score points by shooting from behind the free throw line (informally known as the foul line or the charity stripe), a line situated at the end of the restricted area. Free throws are generally awarded after a foul on the shooter by the opposing team. Each successful free throw is worth one point.

✓The softball pitch is a relatively simple motion, consisting of a step forward from the mound onto the foot on the non pitching arm side, weight shift onto this foot, and rotation of the shoulders and trunk to a position facing the batter.

✓A soccer kick, also known as a soccer ball kick or PK (penalty kick) in puroresu and shoot fighting, and as tiro de meta in vale tudo, is a reference to a kick that is similar to kicks used in association football. It is the colloquial term for a kick performed against a prone, kneeling, rising or supine opponent by a fighter who is in a standing or semi-standing position, to any part of a downed opponent.[1] The technique is banned under the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts however other rulesets, including the ones used by Pride Fighting Championships do permit them. Soccer kicks have been regularly discussed as to potential damage.

✓The Major League Baseball rulebook does not contain an official definition for a checked swing, but defines a swing as "an attempt to strike at the ball". It is the decision of the umpire as to whether an attempt was made or not.

✓ The forehand in tennis and other racket sports such as table tennis, squash and badminton is a shot made by swinging the racket across one's body with the hand moving palm-first. ... Beginners and advanced players often have better forehands than any other shots and use it as a weapon.

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✓ The ankle joint is a hinge type joint, with movement permitted in one plane. Thus, plantarflexion and dorsiflexion are the main movements that occur at the ankle joint. Eversion and inversion are produced at the other joints of the foot, such as the subtalar joint.

✓The Knee Joint. The knee joint is a hinge type synovial joint, which mainly allows for flexion and extension (and a small degree of medial and lateral rotation). It is formed by articulations between the patella, femur and tibia.

✓The permitted movements at the hip joint are the following: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, external or lateral rotation and internal or medial rotation of the thigh.

✓The 3 movements in the spine are flexion, extension, rotation and lateral flexion. These movements occur as a combination of rotation and translation in the following 3 planes of motion: sagittal, coronal and horizontal.

✓The human shoulder is the most mobile joint in the body. This mobility provides the upper extremity with tremendous range of motion such as adduction, abduction, flexion, extension, internal rotation, external rotation, and 360° circumduction in the sagittal plane.

✓While flexion and extension are the only movements that can occur at the elbow joint itself, movement is also afforded at the proximal radioulnar joint, which contributes to the elbow joint. Movements at this joint are called pronation and supination.

✓Movements of the Wrist Joint. The wrist is an ellipsoidal (condyloid) type synovial joint, allowing for movement along two axes. This means that flexion, extension, adduction and abduction can all occur at the wrist joint. All the movements of the wrist are performed by the muscles of the forearm.

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