Question

Please give me every question's answer with refrence

PID:

1) What is the long form for PID?

2) What is PID?

3) What tissues can be affected/involved?

4) What are some causes and risk factors for PID?

​ Causes​Risk Factors

5) What are some signs and symptoms associated with PID?

6) How is PID treated?

7) How can PID lead to infertility?

Uterine Leiomyomas:

1) By what other name(s) are uterine leiomyomas known?

2) What are some signs and symptoms associated with uterine leiomyomas?

3) What is UAE and briefly describe what is done?

References:

Answer 1

1) What is the long form for PID   
pelvic inflammatory disease.

2) What is PID?   
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) by definition is a clinical syndrome characterised by signs and symptoms of ascending infection beginning in the vulva or va. gina and spreading through the entire genital tract.

3) What tissues can be affected/involved?
PID is a disease of the upper genital tract. It is a spectrum of infection and inflammation of the upper genital tract organs typically involving the uterus (endometrium), fallopian tubes, ovaries, pelvic peritoneum and surrounding structures.

4) What are some causes and risk factors for Pid   
Cause.
PID may occur following abortion and puerperium, with use of intrauterine contraceptive devices, or from local intra-abdominal infections such as appendicitis with peritonitis. In addition, haemato- genous spread may occur, though this route is more important in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
risk factOrs
\ Menstruating teenagers.
\ Multiple sexual partners.
\ Absence of contraceptive pill use.
\ Previous history of acute PID.
\ IUD users.
\ Area with high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases.

5) What are some signs and symptoms associated with PID?   
-fever > 38°C.
-bilateral lower abdominal tenderness with
radiation to the legs.
-Abnormal vaginal discharge.
-Abnormal uterine bleeding.
-Deep dyspareunia.
-Cervical motion tenderness
-Adnexal tenderness

6) How is PID treated?   
patient should have oral therapy for 14 days regimen a
– levofloxacin 500 mg (or, ofloxacin 400 mg) Po once daily with or without
– Metronidazole 500 Po bid
regimen b
– Ceftriaxone 250 mg iM single dose PlUS
– Doxycycline 100 mg Po bid with or without
– Metronidazole 500 mg Po bid for 14 days

Ref CDC2006

7) How can PID lead to infertility?   
It is due to tubal damage or tubo-ovarian mass.

Uterine Leiomyomas:

1) By what other name(s) are uterine leiomyomas known?

uterine fibroids , myoma or fibromyoma.

2) What are some signs and symptoms associated with uterine leiomyomas?

Asymptomatic—majority (75%)
Menstrual abnormality: Menorrhagia,
metrorrhagia (p. 186).
Dysmenorrhea
Dyspareunia
infertility
Pressure symptoms
recurrent pregnancy loss (miscarriage, preterm
labor)
Lower abdominal or pelvic pain
Abdominal enlargement.   
Signs
General examination reveals varying degrees of pallor depending upon the magnitude and duration of menstrual loss.
Abdominal examination
The tumor may not be sufficiently enlarged to be felt per abdomen. But if enlarged to 14 weeks or more, the following features are noted.
Palpation
-Feel is firm, more toward hard; may be cystic in cystic degeneration.
-Margins are well-defined except the lower pole which cannot be reached suggestive of pelvic in origin.
-Surface is nodular; may be uniformly enlarged in a single fibroid.
-Mobility is restricted from above downwards but can be moved from side to side.
Percussion
The swelling is dull on percussion.
Pelvic examination
Bimanual examination reveals the uterus irregularly enlarged by the swelling felt per abdomen. That the swelling is uterine is evidenced by:
-Uterus is not felt separated from the swelling and as such a groove is not felt between the uterus and the mass.
-The cervix moves with the movement of the tumor felt per abdomen.
The only exception of these two findings is a subserous pedunculated fibroid. As such, such type is too often confused with an ovarian tumor. However, a submucous fibroid may produce symmetrical enlargement of the uterus and at times, it is difficult to diagnose accurately.

3) What is UAE and briefly describe what is done?
Embolotherapy: Uterine artery embolization (UAE) causes avascular necrosis followed by shrinkage of fibroid. Uterine arteries are occluded by injecting polyvinyl alcohol particles through percutaneous femoral catheterization. This may be an option to women with symptomatic fibroid where surgery is not preferred.
Result: Improvement of menorrhagia is observed in 80–90 percent with 60 percent reduction in size.
Complication of UAE: Postembolization syn­ drome: Fever, sepsis, myometrial infarction and necrosis, amenorrhea and ovarian failure. Complications related to the procedure: femoral artery injury.
Contraindications: Active pelvic infection, desire for future pregnancy, drug allergy.