Question

Can you please give me very single question's answer with REFERENCE.

Abruptio Placentae:

1) What is abruptio placentae?

2) Distinguish between:

​a) mild abruption placentae:

​b) moderate abruptio placentae:

​c) severe abruptio placentae:

3) List some predisposing factors for abruptio placentae.

References:

Ectopic Pregnancy:

1) What is an ectopic pregnancy?

2) List some causes/risk factors of ectopic pregnancy.

References:

Answer 1

1. Abruptio placenta is an emergency condition which results in detachment of the placenta from the uterus.
The condition is characterised by vaginal bleeding and fetal distress.

2. a) mild abruption placentae : it is characterised by marginal separation of the placemta from uterine lining. It is a partial separation.
It is characterised by none to slight vaginal bleeding and mild uterine tenderness. Maternal vital signs such as BP and HR remains normal. There is no fetal distress.
b) moderate abruptio placentae : it is characterised by partial saeparation of the placenta.
It is characterised by no to slight to moderate vaginal bleeding. The uterus is tender and may exhibit uterine contractions. Maternal BP and HR are elevated. Fetal distress is present.
c) severe abruptio placentae : it is characterised by complete central separation of the placenta. The vaginal bleeding is present ranging from mild to heavy. Uterus is tender with uterine contractions. Coagulooathy present. Maternal shock and fetal death may occur.

3. Predisposing factors :

- maternal hypertension

- premature rupture of membranes

- alcohol and cigarette smoking

- maternal age more than 35 yrs or less than 20 yrs

- previous history of abruptio placentae

ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

1. Ectopic pregnancy can be defined as the implantation of the fertilized ovum outside the uterus. The most conmon site for ectopic pregnancy is fallopian tubes.
Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, cramps and abdominal pain.
2. Risk factors of ectopic pregnancy include:

- pelvic inflammatory disease

- sexually transmitted diseases

- alcohol consumption and smoking

- maternal age more than 35 yrs or less than 20 yrs

- use of assistive reproductive technologies

- use of contraceptive pills