In: Anatomy and Physiology
Physiology of cardiac output
Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected by ventricles during
each heart beat .
Cardiac output =Heart rate x stroke volume
SO Increase in heart rate or stroke volume will incraese the
cardiac output
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted on lateral walls of blood
vessels
It has two components
Systolic Bp dependend on Cardiac output
Increase in cardiac output increase systolic Bp
Diastolic Bp depends on Peripheral vascular resistance so
Vasoconstriction increase Diastolic bp
Pulse pressure = Systolic Bp - Diastolic Bp
Mean arterial pressure = Diastolic Bp + 1/3 rd pulse pressure
Regulation of Bp
1.Chemical regulation
Vasoconstrictor increase Bp
Vasodilator decrease BP
2. Neural / short term regulation by Baroreceptors chemoreceptors
and Cns ischaemic response
3. Intermediate term regulation
ADH(Antidiuretic hormone) and thirst
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide
4 .Long term
Kidneys
Complications of heart failure and HTN
Target organ damge is seen
1.Brain - Stroke ( Cerebrovascular accident ) and Hypertensive
encephalopathy
2.Heart - Heart attack ( Myocardial infarction ) and Hypertensive
cardiomyoathy and heart failure .
3.Eyes - Hypertensive retinopathy
4.Kidneys - Hypertensive nephrpathy and chronic kidney disease
.
5.Blood - Hyperglycaemia .
Similarly complications of Heart failure :
1.Chronic kidney disease
2.Heart valve related problems
3.Heart rhythm problems. Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias) can be a potential complication of heart failure.
4.Liver damage. Right sided Heart failure can lead to a buildup of fluid that puts too much pressure on the liver.
Prevention for heart failure and HTN
Appropriate antihypertensive should be started with adequate
control Of Bp
Dietary modification
Salt restriction in diet
Daily aerobic exercises
Avoid fast foods fatty substances to decrease cholesterol and
triglycerides on blood
Avoid smoking and alcohol
Weight loss and adequate sleep