Question

what substance does urine normally contain? what substance should not be found in urine?

Answer 1

urine : it is a liquid is waste produced by kidney. urine is a clear transparent fluid that normally has an amber color .

urine is mainly water solution of salt and substance called uric acid and urea.

urine normally contains:

• water -95%
• urea
• potassium
• chloride
• sodium
• creatinine
• uric acid
• ketones
• urobilinogen

substance should not found in urine:

normally absent but partially present : glucose, protein, nitrites, bilirubin,red blood cells and white blood cells is not found in urine in healthy patients ,if it is present in urine test patient must be infected with some disease.

• glucose is very little or no glucose but it is seen in kidney damage or diseased condition glucose is present in urine.
• protein is not present in urine but in kidney disease or damage, hard exercises, pregnancy, fever,some disease may cause protein to be present in urine.
• nitrites is not present in urine but bacterial conditions like Urinary tract infections ( UTI) make an enzyme that changes urinary nitrates to nitrites .nitrites in urine may show UTI present in
• bilirubin it is sign of liver disease

• urobilinogen if is low or absence it indicates liver is not working properly.
• red blood cells it indicates cancer, kidney stones, enlarged prostate in mens, sickle cell anemia, cystic kidney disease.
• white blood cells it indicates UTI and bladder, kidney infections in urine test.