Question

What, if anything, is apparently abnormal in the urine of this patient?

Normally, the procedure for urinalysis dip sticks involves dipping the strip in the sample of urine for 5– 10 seconds and then removing. Wait approximately one minute, then compare any color changes with the rubric provided. Specific pH is also often performed since tests strips for pH are limited.

Note: Quantitative analyses are not being performed. Evaluation of the results should simply identify whether the value is below normal, normal, or above normal.

Answer 1

Urine is the waste product of body and formed in kidney, collect in bladder and excreted by urethra. Urine is mainly water ,urea and sodium chloride. In a man taking an average diet with 80 to 100 grams of protein in the 24 hours, the percentage of water (96%) and solids (4%- consisting of urea2% and other metabolic products 2 %).

Urea is one of the end product of protein metabolism and prepared from amino acids, which are deaminated in the liver and reach the kidneys in the circulation being excreted at the rate of 30 grams a day. its depend on normal intake of protein food, function of the liver in the formation of urea.

Uric acid- The normal level of uric acid in the blood is 2 to 3 mg per 100 ml. 1.5 to 2g being excreted daily in the urine.

creatinine- waste product of creatine in muscle. Other products of metabolism include purine bodies, oxalates, phosphates, sulphates and urates.

Electrolytes - such as sodium, potassium, chloride are excreted to balance the amounts taken by mouth.

Characteristics of normal urine

The quantity averages 1-2 litres daily in man, but varies greatly with the amount of fluids taken. It is also increased when excess protien is taken, in order to provide the fluid necessary to carry the urea in solution.

The colour is a clear, pale amber with no deposits, but a light flocculent cloud of mucous may be seen floating in the specimen.

The odour is aromatic

The reaction is slightly acid to litmus with an average PH of 6.

The specific gravity varies from 1010 to 1025.

Abnormal constituents of urine

Protein - the glomerular filtrate is protein free. But damage to filtration membrane may lead to loss of protein in urine.

Glucose- In normal persons, since all of the filtered glucose is reabsorbed by the tubules there is no glucose in urine. However in diabetes mellitus glucose appears in urine, if the blood glucose level is above 180 mg%.

Normal urine does not contain RBCs or hemoglobin. In certain disease of kidneys, there may be RBCs or Hb in the sample of urine.