Question

In this chapter, we are learning about non-communicable diseases (non-infectious), screening related to cost-effectiveness and efficacy, and the associated burden. Questions to ponder are what makes a screening program efficacious? What part does the physician and/or patient play in early detection? What is the cost of pre-testing and has the screening had an effective on health outcomes? Please select two questions below.

Discuss the burden of non-communicable diseases on mortality and morbidity in the United States.

Discuss the ideal criteria for a screening program and explain why.

Discuss why two or more tests are nearly always required to screen for asymptomatic disease. Give an example of a disease/condition and provide the two types of tests.

Discuss the multiple risk factor intervention approach to control a non-communicable disease. Provide an example.

Discuss the meaning of “cost-effectiveness” and provide an example of a screening protocol that exemplifies cost effectiveness and why.

Discuss several ways that genetic interventions can affect the burden of non-communicable diseases. Provide an example in your discussion.

Discuss ways that population interventions can be combined with individual interventions to more effectively reduce the burden of non-communicable diseases and provide an example.

Provide a response to the two selected questions based on your readings. Your response must be atminimum one paragraph (five sentences per paragraph) in APA format (in text citations and bibliography)

Answer 1

Discuss why two or more tests are nearly always required to screen for asymptomatic disease. Give an example of a disease/condition and provide the two types of tests.

Asymptomatic diseases are referred to as the diseases in which the carriers or the infecting bacteria do not show any symptoms that could be reported or the symptoms that are noticeable. Thus, the patient will not be able to report any symptoms. This becomes one of the primary reasons why there require to be more than one tests for detection of these diseases,. Since, other, symptomatic, diseases are the ones where we observe a wide range of symptoms, that could be correlated with the initial identification of a disease. As a result of this, the physician can form an initial identification, followed by a confirmation useinf diagnostic tests. Since, in asymptomatic diseases, there is no identification on the basis of symptoms. Hence, even of the first test would identify the disease causing organism, there requires to be a confirmation test carried out. Thus it is carried out as two or more tests. Example: type II diabetes, where blood samples are taken in fasting as well as 2 hours after consumption.

Discuss the multiple risk factor intervention approach to control a non-communicable disease. Provide an example.

Multiple risk factor intervention trial (MRFIT) are prevention programmes that are are trying to attempt reduction of morbidity as well as mortality for reduction of risk factors for coronary heart disease. It is said that when there are uses of a number of factors such as education and counselling, would be an efficacious method. Risk factors, Include, diabetes, hypertension abnormal level of lipids, psychosocial factors, or excessive alcohol consumption. It has been observed that the risk factors result in in 90% of the disease cause in males and approximately 94% in females. This approach suggested that if the risk factors be eliminated or reduced prevention of the disease would be increased. The effect of secondary interventions were on reducing risk factors for cardiovascular diseased could be done.