Question

#2

I post this twice, please don't duplicate answer I need two different views. Thanks

Discussion: Inner Neandertal

What to do:

Please watch the TED talk DNA Clues into Our inner Neandertal Links: https://www.ted.com/talks/svante_paeaebo_dna_clues_to_our_inner_neanderthal. and then read a recent article, Neanderthals and Moderns Humans Interbred '10,000 years ago, Links: http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35595661. and post about something that you learned from a both and whether or not you thought the two contradicted one another.

PLEASE COPY LINKS AND PAST

Answer 1

Inner Neanderthal

We, the modern human beings, have evolved from the early primates and this evolutionary process is mostly an anatomical evolution. Studies have shown that humans and the early primates (chimp) have a highly similar genome and even encode similar proteins. Along the lines of the study, many researches have been conducted in understanding the similarity between early and modern human beings. These studies have proved that early, specifically Neanderthals, and modern human beings, interbred. Previous studies have been conducted to understand the extent of the presence of Neanderthal genome in the modern human beings and it has been found that almsot 26% of protein coding genes had exons that shared sequence with the Neanderthal genome and these contribute to the phenotype of skin in early humans. Another research conducted has showed that Neanderthal DNA may have contributed to the evolution of skin and hair in modern humans and may also contribute to the risk of diseases such as diabetes, lupus, etc., The portion of Neanderthal gene in humans is suggestive to play an integral role in immune system and our propensity to the diseases.

The inter-bred, according to these studies, predict that these events happened about 60,000 years ago. But, a study by a group of researchers have found traces of human genome in Neanderthal genome, indicating that the inter-bred has first happened 100,000 years ago. Neanderthals lived in the regions of Europe and Asia while humans are presumed to have emerged from Africa who then migrated to other parts of the world. The later mentioned study suggests that migration could have happened 100,000 years ago or before but the number of humans who migarted could have been less and the massive migration happened hundereds of decades later. The finding of human genome in Neanderthal genome is incomclusive with respect to the role the human genome had in Neanderthals.

To conclude, we, the modern human beings from parts of Europe and Asia, have some portion of Neanderthal gene in us. The direction of flow of gene (Neanderthals to Humans or vice-versa) needs to be studied further and the carrier of gene flow (male or female or equal proportion of both) needs to explored for a better understanding of the migration of humans and the relationship between them and Neanderthals.  

References:

1. http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35595661
2. Vernot, B., & Akey, J. M. (2014). Resurrecting surviving Neandertal lineages from modern human genomes. Science, 1245938.
3. Sankararaman, S., Mallick, S., Dannemann, M., Prüfer, K., Kelso, J., Pääbo, S., ... & Reich, D. (2014). The genomic landscape of Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans. Nature, 507(7492), 354.
4. https://www.ted.com/talks/svante_paeaebo_dna_clues_to_our_inner_neanderthal/transcript#t-994718