Question

In: Biology

Question 10 (5 pts.):​ Why do you think cholera would choose to colonize the intestines of...

Question 10 (5 pts.):​ Why do you think cholera would choose to colonize the intestines of its host, as opposed to other parts of the body? (Try to think about what the bacteria might gain from living in the intestines.)

Question 11 (5 pts.):​ Why do you think it is important for ​V. cholerae​ to attach themselves firmly to the epithelial cells of the intestines, as shown in the picture above?

Question 12 (5 pts.):​ Suggest a reason why ​V. cholerae​ would benefit by causing their hosts to have excessive, watery diarrhea? How could this help the bacteria in their cycle of infection?

Solutions

Expert Solution

10. A bacterium called Vibrio cholerae causes cholera infection. The deadly effects of the disease are the result of a toxin the bacteria produces in the small intestine. The toxin causes the body to secrete enormous amounts of water, leading to diarrhoea and a rapid loss of fluids and salts (electrolytes). These bacteria multiply rapidly in the small intestine and quickly colonize over there.

11. To cause the diarrheal disease cholera, Vibrio cholera must effectively colonize the small intestine. In order to do so, the bacterium needs to successfully travel through the stomach and withstand the presence of agents such as bile and antimicrobial peptides in the intestinal lumen and mucus. It attaches itself firmly to the receptors present in epithelial cells of the intestines so that it may not get washed away by the intestinal contents or juice.

12. Microbiologists have studied the genetic mechanisms by which the V. cholerae bacteria turn off the production of some proteins and turn on the production of other proteins as they respond to the series of chemical environments they encounter, passing through the stomach, through the mucous layer of the small intestine, and on to the intestinal wall. Of particular interest have been the genetic mechanisms by which cholera bacteria turn on the protein production of the toxins that interact with host cell mechanisms to pump chloride ions into the small intestine, creating an ionic pressure which prevents sodium ions from entering the cell. This ultimately causes diarrhoea.

Bacteria probably are capable of surviving in this environment which is created after producing toxins and thus are able to complete their life cycle in the host.


Related Solutions

Why do you think that the intestines have one of the body’s most well-developed sets of...
Why do you think that the intestines have one of the body’s most well-developed sets of lymphoid tissues?
5. How difficult do you think it would be to make a 10 M sugar solution?...
5. How difficult do you think it would be to make a 10 M sugar solution? Justify your answer.
5. What is a strategic alliance? Why do you think a company would enter a strategic...
5. What is a strategic alliance? Why do you think a company would enter a strategic alliance? What are the pros and cons of entering a strategic alliance? What impact do you think strategic alliances have had on the airline industry?
Why do you think a businesses use 70/20/10 plans and planograms. Why do you think merchandising...
Why do you think a businesses use 70/20/10 plans and planograms. Why do you think merchandising strategies differ between retailers? (Please be descriptive)
Choose a company you believe is ethical and explain why you think so and what do...
Choose a company you believe is ethical and explain why you think so and what do you think is the most important factor in a firm’s culture? Why?
Why do you think multinational companies would choose to use cost-plus transfer pricing? What benefits does...
Why do you think multinational companies would choose to use cost-plus transfer pricing? What benefits does this method offer?
Do you think “management by exception” is an appropriate management approach? Why or why not? Would...
Do you think “management by exception” is an appropriate management approach? Why or why not? Would you prefer to manage by something else (for example, by rule, by law, by the seat of your pants)?
Question 5 1 pts Suppose you take a 10-year mortgage for a house that costs $200,322....
Question 5 1 pts Suppose you take a 10-year mortgage for a house that costs $200,322. Assume the following: The annual interest rate on the mortgage is 4.4%. The bank requires a minimum down payment of 11% of the cost of the house. The annual property tax is 1.2% of the cost of the house. The annual homeowner's insurance is $818. The monthly PMI is $58. Your other long-term debts require payments of $1,591 per month. If you make the...
Why do you think that some religious people pick and choose the doctrines to follow while...
Why do you think that some religious people pick and choose the doctrines to follow while ignoring others that are written out in their scriptures?
What is a hypothesis? Why do you think hypotheses are important? Where would you find a...
What is a hypothesis? Why do you think hypotheses are important? Where would you find a hypothesis? What are the two types of research hypotheses? How are they different? How would you determine which type you are testing? What is meant by “one-tailed” and “two-tailed” tests? Give an example of a research question for each.
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT