Question

choose 3 of all the paragraphs and write your opinion/argument/ take on the 3 and it must be 2-3 sentences or more then choose one more paragraph and ask a question about it.

This systematic categorization of race with its rules governing identity served to maintain not only white power and authority, but also as justification for black slavery and the dispossession of land from Native peoples. The amount of “blood” required to be Indian (one-quarter) or black (one drop) reflected the difference in white attitudes toward Indians and blacks. This racialization of identity, based on the ideology of biological inheritance and racial hierarchy, was a powerful and pervasive force that facilitated the dispossession and displacement of Native identity in the Southeast. Areal or perceived black-Native admixture could and historically did cancel outself-ascribed tribal identities for individuals and entire communities.

To understand the deeply embedded and entangled roots of eugenics policy in the Southeast, one need only recall the social and economic upheaval of the post–Civil War years to make appreciable the anxieties of a profoundly troubled white population invested in keeping separate other races that had just been declared equal.. Progressivists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century sought to apply curesto a society disrupted by the antisocial behavior of individuals or whole groups by combining the expression of science with humanism.  Eugenics was first and foremost an ideology rooted in science. Even though eugenics has its origins in Great Britain, biologists and zoologists in major research universities in the United States developed many of its precepts by conducting studies in the isolated rural communities, or “so called pockets of degeneracy” of the north and southeast

Increasingly ill at ease with the effects of immigration, rural decline, poverty, criminality, and their perceived connections to “feeblemindedness,” Northern progressives, many of them descendents of “old colonial stocks,” embraced scientific studies and surveys first pioneered by geneticists such as Richard L. Dugdale. Dugdale furnished some of the basis for the new scientific and social movement of eugenics by combing the records of county courts, jails, and poor houses in order to chart seven generations of one family, the Jukes, and their “genealogy of degeneracy.”

The conceptual confusion over what constituted a “tribe” by the federal government led to the Federal Acknowledgement Project in 1978, which provided both an administrative review process and mandatory criteria that must be met for any group seeking acknowledgment as a “tribe” by the federal government.

Boas was a harsh critic of eugenics, claiming that it was racism disguised asscience. But he also turned to anthropometricsto discredit the notion of fixed races. Anthropometrics sought to discern physical differences that were believed to be measurable between ethnic groups. In the late nineteenth century, those carrying out anthropometric studies were particularly preoccupied by how this methodology could define scientific absolutes between groups constructed as distinct races

The lasting legacy of eugenics on Native peoples of the Southeast becomes clearer after excavating the tensions between tribally based definitions of Indianness and those ascribed by state and federal governments. The legacy of eugenics-based public policy and social attitudes during the early twentieth century has been the near documentary erasure of Native peoples in the Southeast. Just as eugenicists such as Plecker turned to science for answers to a perceived problem of miscegenation, newly developing genetic tests touted to identify one’s “racial ancestry” signal the latest trend in the racialization of identity. Similar to Galton’s concept of fractional inheritance, genetic tests perpetuate biological essentialism and racial classificatory systems that had already begun the process of detribalization.

Answer 1

1) This racialization of identity, based on the ideology of biological inheritance and racial hierarchy, was a powerful and pervasive force that facilitated the dispossession and displacement of Native identity in the Southeast. Areal or perceived black-Native admixture could and historically did cancel outself-ascribed tribal identities for individuals and entire communities

To understand the deeply embedded and entangled roots of eugenics policy in the Southeast, one need only recall the social and economic upheaval of the post–Civil War years to make appreciable the anxieties of a profoundly troubled white population invested in keeping separate other races that had just been declared equal.. Even though eugenics has its origins in Great Britain, biologists and zoologists in major research universities in the United States developed many of its precepts by conducting studies in the isolated rural communities, or "so called pockets of degeneracy" of the north and southeast
Dugdale furnished some of the basis for the new scientific and social movement of eugenics by combing the records of county courts, jails, and poor houses in order to chart seven generations of one family, the Jukes, and their "genealogy of degeneracy.

2)whta are the process come under detribalization..?