Question

 

Discuss the reasons why hydrogen is liquefied and the benefits associated with this effort.

Explain how a fuel cell produces electrical current.

What is double-layer technology?

Select one:

a. two activated-carbon electrodes are immersed in an organic electrolyte

b. an internal combustion engine

c. an electric motor or motors

d. none of the above

Describe the fuel cell that is best suited for automotive applications and explain the reasons why.

Answer 1

Hydrogen is Liquefied:

Liquefaction of gases is a significant portion of cryogenics and the gases are Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen etc. The elementary concept backing liquefying the gases is as they have a very less boiling point, as soon as they are liquefied they can be used to produce very low temperatures if permitted to boil by absorbing heat from the environment.

According to thermodynamics, a perfect gas will not undergo any variation in temperature when it is subjected to non reversible expansion. So real gases undergo a reduction in temperature during free expansion. Because in real gases, there are forces joining the atom, they are not perfect particles but contain some amount of volume also.

The basic idea is based on the Joule’s Thomson effect. Pure Hydrogen gas is compressed to a high pressure and high temperature. It is significant to utilise pure Hydrogen because dirt particles can solidify later creating problems in the structure. The hot compressed gas is progressed between double heat exchangers and repeatedly coalesced to advance through a tank with liquid nitrogenand again through another heat exchanger.

Benefits Of Liquefying Hydrogen:

(i) Liquid Hydrogen is the purest fuel accessible. While operating, it supplies no emissions.

(ii) Liquid Hydrogen is occurs in nature. But, Fossil Fuels have to be obtained and processed.

(iii) Hydrogen is the smallest element on Earth, and nevertheless has a huge amount of power in it. Liquid Hydrogen is lighter than petroleum fuels.

(iv) It also has the perfect and largest energy-to-weight ratio.

(v) Hydrogen's chemical and physical characteristics make it a good expectant for fuel

(vi) Liquid Hydrogen mechanized vehicles can last long.

(vii) Liquid Hydrogen is renewable.

Fuel Cell:

The reason of using a fuel cell is to supply an electrical current that can be commanded outside the cell such as running an electric motor or lighting a bulb. Due to the way electricity conducts, the current requites back to the fuel cell, finishing an electrical circuit.

Hydrogen atoms penetrate a fuel cell at the anode where the electrons are removed. The hydrogen atoms are now ionized, and take a positive charge. The negatively charged electrons supply the current in the wires. Oxygen perforates the fuel cell at the cathode and where it incorporates with electrons rendering from the electrical circuit and hydrogen ions that have proceeded through the electrolyte from the anode.

The electrolyte plays a significant role. It must allow only the suitable ions to move through the anode and cathode. If free electrons could move between the electrolyte, they will damage the chemical reaction. Wherever they combine, at anode or cathode, jointly hydrogen and oxygen produce water, that evacuates from the cell.

Double Layer Technology:

Double-layer tiles are constructed from cement and chips containing two layers. The foremost layer is prepare from a semiwet blend with water/cement ratio of 0.6. This combination, which is the uncovered portion of the tile and is identical as the combination for single-layer, is built by planetary combining machines that fuse grey or white cement, chips, marble powder and water. The blend is then distributed by the machine into the container of the press and equally proliferated using the vibration of the container. The second layer is a semidry mixture, built of grey cement, silica and some water. This combination is the base of the tile and has no particular work; this is put into the mould just before the pressing and functions as a sponge that takes in under pressure and by capillarity the excess water of the first layer which, unlike in the single-layer technology, is not drained or sucked and stays within the mould popping up from the first semiwet layer into the second semidry layer. After the pressing the tiles are extracted from the machine and dried for one or two days depending on the use of a quick curing plant or of natural curing. This curing time is necessary to let the cement dry to make it possible to pass the tile to the next step, which can be, the calibrating of the bottom side or the grinding of the top side, or sometimes the polishing. When the tile does not need these sorts of operations after the curing the tile is palletized and shipped.

Fuel cell technology for automotive applications is a significant take for automotive manufacturers as it gives a low carbon to mobility without the range related with battery powered vehicles. Automotive applications move towards proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells because of their less temperature working and high productivity. Speculation in FCVs is being prompted by the carbon savings they can get as well as their power to utilise of electricity taken from low-carbon sources. As battery technology for vehicle use is more advanced and has commercial success, there are basic issues stopping such technology being used as the main mover for a vehicle. This is due to the low energy density, thus the slender working. It is in the area that fuel cell technology is capable to get. They are more advantageous to the people due to some of the areas that can be taken with internal combustion engines.