Question

1) Explain the route of HIV infection (10)
2) Discuss immune response to vaccines (10)

Hi if possible can you please type the answer, I struggle reading it when it's written. Thanks :)

Answer 1

1. Answer--- MOST COMMON ROUTE OF HIV INFECTION:-
1) sexual intercourse through vaginal,rectal,penile tissue.
2) Contaminated needles,syringes etc.
3) blood or blood products.
4) Transplacental route(from mother to fetus), breastfeeding.
5) heterosexual HIV transmission.

LESS COMMON :-
      -From mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. Although the risk can be high if a mother is living with HIV and not taking medicine.
      -By being stuck with an HIV-contaminated needle or other sharp object.

EXTREMELY RARE CASE:-
           -Oral sex- But transmission of HIV, though extremely rare, is theoretically possible if an HIV-positive man ejaculates in his partner’s mouth during oral sex
           -Receiving blood transfusions, blood products, or organ/tissue transplants that are contaminated with HIV.
           -Being bitten by a person with HIV.
           -Contact between broken skin, wounds.

2. IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VACCINE:-
          -Vaccines are like a training course for the immune system.
          - When foreign invaders such as bacteria or viruses enter the body, immune cells called lymphocytes respond by producing antibodies, which are protein molecules.
          - Antibodies work with other defensive molecules that circulate in the blood, called complement proteins, to destroy microbes.
          - The work of B cells is called the humoral immune response, antibody response.
          - The goal of most vaccines is to stimulate this response.