Explain how super-antigens, such as toxic shock syndrome toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, often lead to...

Explain how super-antigens, such as toxic shock syndrome toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, often lead to the development of life-threatening symptoms in an infected individual.

Solutions

Expert Solution

Staphylococcal superantigen toxins are present in 5-10% of the Staphylococcal strains. Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST) produces massive relase of cytokinges which is also refered to as Cytokine storm which results in extreme inflammatory responses in host and causes damage.

Mechanism of Superantigens like TSST: When superantigens gains access into the blood stream, it results in stimulation of T cells of a cytokine cascade which is life-threatening. Superantigens compromise the T cell antigen recognition by crosslinking Major Histocompatibility Complex-II (MHC-II) and TcR, thus bypassing the antigen presenting stage which stimulates an abnormal immune response. Symptoms appear as fever, headache, vomiting, hypotension, aches and rashes.

The immune response from the above events is not targeted to bacteria destruction but instead helps in further growth and survival of the Staphylococcus aureus. Toxicity is due to excess production of Interleukins 2 (IL2), (Interferons) INF-gamma, TNF (Tissue necrosis factor)-alpha

Thus, S.aureus infection remains number 1 in causing serious and fatal infectious disease in the USA as per CDC(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) reports

gladiator answered 1 year ago

Next > < Previous

Related Solutions

Assign the Discharge Doagnosis codes: Septic shock. Acute renal failure, secondary to Staphylococcus aureus septicemia. Diaper...

Assign the Discharge Doagnosis codes: Septic shock. Acute renal failure, secondary to Staphylococcus aureus septicemia. Diaper rash. Dehydration.

How you will determine the antibiotic sensitivities of Staphylococcus aureus to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline; then...

How you will determine the antibiotic sensitivities of Staphylococcus aureus to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline; then predict the expected results based on what you know about this organism. Assume it has not acquired any new antibiotic resistance.

QUESTION 6 Helicobacter pylori causes: Toxic shock syndrome. Stomach ulcers. Stomach cancers. Both b and c....

QUESTION 6 Helicobacter pylori causes: Toxic shock syndrome. Stomach ulcers. Stomach cancers. Both b and c. 7. Which Escherichia coli strain causes gastroenteritis? EPEC. ETEC. EIEC. All of the above. 8. A subunit vaccine contains: The protein. The nucleic acid. The entire virus. Both a and b. 9. In the complement-fixation test, a red color means: Positive test. Negative test. Invalid test. Both b and c. 10. An anti-human IgG antibody is an antibody that binds to human IgG antibody....

Tumor-ASSOCIATED antigens are self-proteins that are over-produced in some cancers. A. Briefly explain how why there...

Tumor-ASSOCIATED antigens are self-proteins that are over-produced in some cancers. A. Briefly explain how why there are effective anti-cancer responses to a self antigen B. Name at least ONE SPECIFIC example of a self antigen commonly seen in cancers, like the example indicated above.

Use appropriate diagrams to explain graphically how an aggregate demand shock can lead to the economy...

Use appropriate diagrams to explain graphically how an aggregate demand shock can lead to the economy entering a deflation trap. Does every permanent negative demand shock lead to a deflation trap? If not, show graphically an example of where a negative demand shock leads to a temporary deflation episode, but the economy does not fall into the trap (i.e. it goes to a medium run equilibrium). Draw the appropriate diagrams and briefly explain your reasoning.

9. Explain how tumor associated antigens (TAA) and tumor specific antigens (TSA) are generated, and how...

9. Explain how tumor associated antigens (TAA) and tumor specific antigens (TSA) are generated, and how these antigens are recognized by the adaptive immune system.

[4/30/7] EXPLAIN WHAT IS THE WERNER SYNDROME AND THE GENETIC ALTERATIONS, THAT LEAD TO THE APPEARANCE...

[4/30/7] EXPLAIN WHAT IS THE WERNER SYNDROME AND THE GENETIC ALTERATIONS, THAT LEAD TO THE APPEARANCE OF THE SYNDROME AND ITS MANIFESTATIONS? Typed please. (sometimes I can't understand the handwriting in some of the responses I get)]

Explain basic flight principles of a helicopter. How is thrust produced? How is lift produced? How...

Explain basic flight principles of a helicopter. How is thrust produced? How is lift produced? How do flight controls operate in a helicopter? Is there drag during helicopter flight? What is translational lift? What happens if when helicopter losses engine(s) power? (make illustrations)

Explain HIPPCO. How does it lead to species extinction? Explain

Explain what meat allergy (or alpha-gal syndrome) is and how it develops.

Subjects