Question

How can we describe the degree and characteristics of a country's financial integration?

Answer 1

When regional economies agree on integration, trade barriers fall and economic and political coordination increases.Specialists in this area define seven stages of economic integration: a preferential trading area, a free trade area, a customs union, a common market, an economic union, an economic and monetary union, and complete economic integration. The final stage represents a total harmonization of fiscal policy and a complete monetary union.

The advantages of economic integration fall into three categories: trade benefits, employment, and political cooperation.More specifically, economic integration typically leads to a reduction in the cost of trade, improved availability of goods and services and a wider selection of them, and gains in efficiency that lead to greater purchasing power.Employment opportunities tend to improve because trade liberalization leads to market expansion, technology sharing, and cross-border investment.Political cooperation among countries also can improve because of stronger economic ties, which provide an incentive to resolve conflicts peacefully and lead to greater stability.

Despite the benefits, economic integration has costs. These fall into two categories:

• Diversion of trade. That is, trade can be diverted from nonmembers to members, even if it is economically detrimental for the member state.
• Erosion of national sovereignty. Members of economic unions typically are required to adhere to rules on trade, monetary policy, and fiscal policies established by an unelected external policymaking body.

Because economists and policymakers believe economic integration leads to significant benefits, many institutions attempt to measure the degree of economic integration across countries and regions. The methodology for measuring economic integration typically involves multiple economic indicators including trade in goods and services, cross-border capital flows, labor migration, and others. Assessing economic integration also includes measures of institutional conformity, such as membership in trade unions and the strength of institutions that protect consumer and investor rights.

The European Union (EU) was created in 1993 and included 28 member states in 2019. Since 2002, 19 of those nations have adopted the euro as a shared currency.

1 According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the EU accounted for 16.04% of the world's gross domestic product.

2.The United Kingdom voted in 2016 to leave the EU. In January 2020 British lawmakers and the European Parliament voted to accept the United Kingdom's withdrawal. The goal is to finalize the exit by January 2021