Question

1-Please write the difference and examples between coccus, bacillus, and vibrio.

2-Staphylococccus, Streptococcus, and Diplococcus. Please write examples.

3-Please define virus, parasite, and fungus. Please write examples of them.

4-What were the contributions of Dr. Joseph Lister?

5-Antigen and Antibody: Please write examples of them.

6-What is the difference between a Primary Infectious Disease and a Secondary Infectious Disease? Please write examples of them.

7-Why is it necessary to understand Gram stain?

8-What were the contributions of Ms. Florence Nightingale for the Nursing activities?

9-Acute Infection, Chronic Infection, and Latent Infection. Please write examples of them.

10-Nosocomial Disease, latrogenic Disease, and Idiopathic Disease. Please write examples of them.

11-Please define the difference between Incidence and Prevalence.

12-Please define the difference between Morbidity and Mortality.

13-What is Microbiota? What are the main important in our body?

14-What is a Biofilm? Please write examples of them.

15-What is Herd Immunity?

Answer 1

12Q ans) morbitity - refers to someone being unhealthy. The morbitity rate examines how many people got a certain disease ina specific population, at a specific geographical location during a specific time period.

Mortality - mortality refers to someone being dead. The mortality rate usually refers to a number of deaths that occur in a year, per one thousand people.

15Q ans) herd immunity is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through vaccination or previous infections, thereby reducing the likelihood of infection for individuals who lack immunity.

11Q ans) Prevalence refers to proportion of persons who have a condition at or during a particular time period, whereas incidence refers to the proportion or rate of persons who develop a condition during a particular time period.

5 Q ans) Antigens are molecules capable of stimulating an immune response. Each antigen has distinct surface features, or epitopes, resulting in specific responses. Antibodies (immunoglobins) are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells of the immune system in response to exposure to antigens. Examples of antigens - viruses, fungi, bacteria, nonliving substances such as toxins chemical drugs. Antibodies example - igG, the most common antibody, is present mostly in the blood and tissue fluids.

4Q ans) Joseph lister introduced new principles of cleanliness. He used aseptic methods thinking it would guarantee a patient safety. So lister came up with a dis infectant spray with carbolic acid. The carbolic acid reduced the spread of germs and reduced the rate of infection.

14 Q ans) Biofilms are a collective of one or more types of microorganisms that can grow on many different surfaces. Microorganisms that form biofilms include bacteria, fungi and protists. One common example of a biofilm dental plaque, a slimy buildup of bacteria that forms on the surfaces of teeth. Examples of biofilm - Microorganisms that form biofilms include bacteria, fungi and protists. One common example of a biofilm dental plaque, a slimy buildup of bacteria that forms on the surfaces of teeth. Pond scum is another example. Biofilms have been found growing on minerals and metals.

13 Q ans) microbiome is the aggregate of all microbiota that reside on or within human tissues and biofluids along with the corresponding anatomical sites in which they reside,[1] including the skin, mammary glands, placenta, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung, saliva, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, biliary tract, and gastrointestinal tract. Types of human microbiota include bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists and viruses. Though micro-animals can also live on the human body. • Importance of our body - • microbiome is essential for human development, immunity and nutrition. The bacteria living in and on us are not invaders but beneficial colonizers. Autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, and fibromyalgia are associated with dysfunction in the microbiome.

7Q ans) Gram stain is a laboratory procedure used to detect the presence of bacteria and sometimes fungi in a sample taken from the site of a suspected infection. It gives relatively quick results as to whether bacteria or fungi are present and,main benefit of a gram stain is that it helps your doctor learn if you have a bacterial infection, and it determines what type of bacteria are causing it. This can help you to determine an effective treatment.

6Qans) primary infection can practically be viewed as, the root cause of an individual's current health problem, a secondary infection is a sequela or complication of that root cause. secondary infection is an infection that occurs during or after treatment for another infection. It may be caused by the first treatment or by changes in the immune system. Two examples of a secondary infection are: A vaginal yeast infection after taking antibiotics to treat an infection caused by bacteria.