Question

toddler and preschool nutrition

Answer 1

Nutrition for toddlers and prescolers
Key Concepts:
1-Children continue to grow and develop physically, cognitively, and emotionally during the toddler and preschool-age years, adding many new skills rapidly with time.
2-Learning to enjoy new foods and developing feeding skills are important components of this period of increasing independence and exploration.
3-Children have an innate ability to self-regulate food intake. Parents and caretakers need to provide children nutritious foods and let children decide how much to eat.
4-Parents and caretakers have tremendous influence on children’s development of appropriate eating, physical activity, and other health behaviors and habits formed during the toddler and
preschool years. These lessons are mainly transferred by example.

Energy Needs:

The formula for Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) for children ages 13–36 months is (89 × weight of child [kg] – 100) + 20 (kcal for energy deposition)
 For example, a healthy 24-month-old girl who weighs12 kg would have an EER of (89 × 12 kg – 100) + 20 = 988 kilocalories
 Beginning at age 3, the DRI equations for estimating energy requirements are based on a child’s gender, age, height, weight, and physical activity level (PAL).
 Categories of activity are defined in terms of walking equivalence.
 Protein Needs:
 Adequate energy intake to meet an individual child’s needs has a protein sparing effect; that is, with adequate energy intake, protein is used for growth and tissue repair rather than for energy.
 Ingestion of high quality protein, such as milk and other animal products, lowers the amount of total protein needed in the diet to provide the essential amino acids.
Dietary Reference Intakes for protein.
 Age.   1–3 years. 4–8 years
RDA* g/kg/   1.1 g/kg/d or 13 g/day* 0.95 g/kg/d or 19 g/day*

  
Vitamins and Mineral Intakes:
 DRIs for vitamins and minerals have been established for the toddler and preschool-age child. Most children from birth to 5 years are meeting the targeted levels of consumption of most nutrients, except for iron, calcium, and zinc.
 Dietary Reference Intakes for key nutrients for toddlers and preschoolers
 Age. Iron Zinc Calsium 1-3 yrs 7 3 500

4-8yrs 10. 5. 800

Four food-safety practice messages
 Clean: Wash hands and surfaces often.  Separate: Don’t cross-contaminate.
 Cook: Cook to proper temperatures.
 Chill: Refrigerate promptly.

Prevention of Overweight and Obesity :
 ● Limiting sugar-sweetened beverages
 ● Encouraging consumption of recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables
 ● Limiting television and other screen time by allowing a maximum of 2 hours of screen time per day and removing televisions and other screens from children’s bedrooms
 ● Eating breakfast every day
 ● Limiting eating out at restaurants, especially fast food restaurants
 ● Limiting portion sizes
 ● Eating a diet rich in calcium
 ● Eating a diet high in fiber
 ● Eating a diet that follows the Dietary Reference Intakes for macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, and fat)
 ● Promoting moderate to vigorous physical activity for at least 60 minutes each day
 ● Limiting energy-dense foods