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Q1:Discuss the physical changes and psychological changes during preganancy ? Q2:Discuss the tests done for prenatal...

Q1:Discuss the physical changes and psychological changes during preganancy ?

Q2:Discuss the tests done for prenatal genetic screening ?

Q3:Describe NST test and its interpretation ?

Q4:Discuss the clinical features and management of ectopic pregnancy ( medical, surgical and nursing) ?

Solutions

Expert Solution

1- It is usually associated withambivalence, frequent mood changes, varying from anxiety, fatigue, exhaustion, sleepiness, depressive reactions to excitement. During pregnancy, changes include bodyappearance, affectivity and sexuality, whereas the position and role of women attains a new quality.

Pregnancy and its changes is a normal physiological process that happens in all mammalian in response to the development of the fetus. These changes happen in response to many factors; hormonal changes, increase in the total blood volume, weight gain, and increase in fetus size.

2- First-trimester screening includes a test of the pregnant woman's blood and an ultrasound exam. Both testsusually are done together between 10 weeks and 13 weeks of pregnancy: The blood test measures the level of two substances.

The following screening methods are available during pregnancy:

  • Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test or multiple marker test.
  • Amniocentesis.
  • Chorionic villus sampling.
  • Cell-free fetal DNA testing.
  • Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (withdrawing a small sample of the fetal blood from the umbilical cord)
  • Ultrasound scan.

3- A nonstress test is a common prenatal test used to check on a baby's health. During a nonstress test, the baby's heart rate is monitored to see how it responds to the baby's movements. The term "nonstress" refers to the fact that nothing is done to place stress on the baby during the test.

A nonstress test can be classified as normal, atypical, or abnormal. A normal nonstress test will show a baseline fetal heart rate between 110 and 160 beats per minute with moderate variability (5- to 25-interbeat variability) and 2 qualifying accelerations in 20 minutes with no decelerations.

4- The classic clinical triad of ectopic pregnancy is pain, amenorrhea, and vaginal bleeding; unfortunately, only about 50% of patients present with all 3 symptoms. About 40-50% of patients with an ectopic pregnancy present with vaginal bleeding, 50% have a palpable adnexal mass, and 75% may have abdominal tenderness.

The main treatment options are: expectant management – your condition is carefully monitored to see whether treatment is necessary. medication – a medicine called methotrexate is used to stop the pregnancy growing. surgerysurgery is used to remove the pregnancy, usually along with the affected fallopian tube.

The following symptoms are more common in an ectopic pregnancy and can indicate a medical emergency: sharp waves of pain in the abdomen, pelvis, shoulder, or neck. severe pain that occurs on one side of the abdomen. light to heavy vaginal spotting or bleeding.


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