Question

Discuss the pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). Compare and contrast the signs and symptoms of CVD in males and females. Discuss two risk factors that contribute to the development of CVD. How do these risk factors increase the incidence of CVD? Discuss one major complication of CVD. Provide a nutritional and lifestyle teaching plan for your patient to reduce the risk of CVD.

Answer 1

1) Pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease -

Obesity - obesity effects hemodynamics and alters heart structure , adipose tissue also release cytokinins that leads to atherosclerotic plaques

Hypercholesterolemia - increase atherosclerosis formation by increasing low density lips

cigerrete smoking - increase plaque formation nthat leads to blockage of blood vessels

Hypertension also leads to cardio vascular disease

This factors unite and lead to oxidation and inflamation , with time it leads to formation of fitty -fibrous lessions

This lessions may rupture due to inflammation or trauma can lead to heart attack,stroke , may resolve by pleaque formation

Disordered calcium signalling to myofilaments occurs in heart failure and cardiomyopathy

2 ) signs and symptoms -

Male - oppressive chest pain radiating to arm ,jaw ,back , epigastric pain, shortness of breath

Female - Stagging chest pain , abdominal pain, shortness of breath, weakness

3) Risk factors are - hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, cigerate

Hypercholesterolemia - this leads to increase in low density cholesterol that leads to atherosclerosis plaque

Obesity - increase the stress on heart and atherosclerosis plaque formation by releasing pro inflammatory cytokinins

4) Complications of CVD -heart failure is commonest complication

In heart failure heart fails to pump enough blood to meet the body needs leads to ischemia  

5 )Nutritional and lifestyle -

1.teach him to have low fat diet ,the fat percentage should be below 25 percentage in that saturated fat should be below 7 percentage ,trans fat should be u 1percentage remaining should be unsaturated fat

2.low carbohydrate diet 100 to 130 grams of carbohydrates per day

3 .whole grains and high fibre

4.vegitables and fruits

5 nuts