Question

what is the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease.

Compare and contrast the signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease in males and females.

What are two risk factors that contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease?

How do these risk factors increase the incidence of cardiovascular disease?

Discuss one major complication of cardiovascular disease.

Provide a nutritional and lifestyle teaching plan for your patient to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Answer 1

Physical trauma and inflammation produce lesion rupture, which can lead to clinical events such as heart attack and stroke, or resolve with plaque growth. Disease progression is marked by the inflammatory indicator CRP (C-reactive protein).

Compare and contrast the signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease in males and females.

• Women often develop symptoms of heart disease at a much later stage in the illness than men.
• Symptoms can be more vague or non-specific.
• Women are less likely to seek help quickly.
• Some diagnostic tests for heart diseaseare less accurate in women than in men.
• Some health professionals may be less likely to check for heart disease in women.

• Men may experience:

• chest pain or discomfort
• shortness of breath
• nausea

• Women may experience:

• back, neck or jaw pain or tightness
• a burning sensation in the chest (similar to heartburn)
• chest discomfort
• dizziness
• vomiting
• fatigue
• lightheadedness
• nausea
• shortness of breath
• sweating

• While chest pain is thought to be the most common symptom of heart attack — and it is common in men — only about half of all women who have a heart attack actually report chest pain.

• Risk factors for heart disease and other cardiovascular disease include:

• Smoking.
• Lack of exercise.
• Diet.
• Obesity.
• High blood pressure.
• High LDL or low HDL cholesterol levels.
• Family history of heart disease or other cardiovascular disease.
• Age.
• For example, as you get older, your heart can't beat as fast during physical activity or times of stress as it did when you were younger. ... Changes that happen with age may increase a person's risk of heart disease. A major cause of heart disease is the buildup of fatty deposits in the walls of arteries over many years
• The excess strain and resulting damage from high blood pressure (HBP or hypertension) causes the coronary arteries serving the heart to slowly become narrowed from a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances that together are called plaque. ... As arteries harden with plaque, blood clots become more likely to form.