Question

Lab Assignment

Discuss the measures for creating an environment that will provide physiological and psychological comfort during the female and the male genitalia examination.

What are the pros and cons of circumcision?

Discuss the screening measures for cervical, prostate, and colorectal cancers?

Discuss the clinical findings for benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH)?

What are the biological and physiological changes in the perimenopausal period?

Answer 1

2. What are the pros and cons of circumcision?

Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin, which is the skin overlaying the tip of the penis. There are health-related reasons to circumcise newborn males. Most of them aren’t factors till young adulthood, however. Circumcision is a decision best left to patents or to the child himself when he is older. Doctors can help parents higher recognize the advantages and risks.

Pros of circumcision

• decreases risk of urinary tract infections in infancy
• likely decreases risk of penile cancer, though this cancer is rare and turning into rarer for reasons that show up to be unrelated to circumcision
• decreases threat of sexually transmitted diseases, including female-to-male transmission of HIV
• decreases threat of cervical cancer and some infections in woman partners
• prevents balanitis, balanoposthitis, paraphimosis, and phimosis
• makes it simpler to preserve proper genital hygiene

Cons of circumcision

• may be considered as disfigurement by using some
• may cause pain, though protected and advantageous medicinal drugs are administered to minimize pain
• has few instantaneous fitness benefits
• may cause rare complications, together with reducing the foreskin too lengthy or too short, terrible healing, bleeding, or infection

3. Discuss the screening measures for cervical, prostate, and colorectal cancers?

Screening measures for Colorectal cancer

Colonoscopy is one of the most sensitive tests currently available for colon cancer screening. The doctor can view your entire colon and rectum. Abnormal tissue, such as polyps, and tissue samples (biopsies) can be removed through the scope during the exam.

Screening measures for cervical cancer

The following checks and methods might also be used to display for cervical cancer:

HPV test. This take a look at is carried out on a pattern of cells eliminated from the woman’s cervix, the same pattern used for the Pap test . This pattern is tested for the traces of HPV most usually linked to cervical cancer. HPV testing may additionally be performed via itself or mixed with a Pap test. This take a look at may also be completed on a sample of cells accrued from a woman’s vagina, which she can collect herself.

Pap test. The Pap test has been the most frequent test for early adjustments in cells that can lead to cervical cancer. This take a look at is also referred to as a Pap smear. A Pap take a look at includes gathering a pattern of cells from the cervix. It is frequently carried out at the equal time as a bimanual pelvic examination as part of a gynecologic checkup. A Pap test may also be combined with an HPV test.

Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). VIA is a screening check that can be finished with few equipment and the naked eye. During VIA, a dilution of white vinegar is utilized to the cervix. The health care company then looks for abnormalities on the cervix, which will turn white when uncovered to vinegar. This screening check is very beneficial in places the place get admission to to scientific care is limited.

Screening measures for prostate cancer

Screening for prostate most cancers is finished to find evidence of most cancers in otherwise healthy men. Two checks are generally used to screen for prostate cancer:

Digital rectal examination (DRE). A DRE is a take a look at in which the medical doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into a man’s rectum and feels the surface of the prostate through the bowel wall for any irregularities.

PSA blood test. There is controversy about the use of the PSA check to seem for prostate most cancers in guys with no symptoms of the disease. On the one hand, the PSA check is beneficial for detecting early-stage prostate cancer, specifically in guys with many danger factors, which helps some men get the therapy they want before the most cancers grows and spreads. On the other hand, PSA screening finds stipulations that are now not cancer, such as BPH, in addition to very-slow-growing prostate cancers that would in no way threaten a man’s life. As a result, screening for prostate cancer with PSA may suggest that some men's have surgical procedure and different remedies that might also now not be needed, which can motive facet outcomes and critically affect a man’s quality of life.

.4. Discuss the clinical findings for benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH)?

Digital rectal exam. The health practitioner inserts a finger into the rectum to check prostate for enlargement.

Urine test. Analyzing a pattern of urine can help rule out an contamination or different stipulations that can cause comparable symptoms.

Blood test. The consequences can point out kidney problems.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test. PSA is a substance produced in prostate. PSA levels increase when you have an enlarged prostate. However, improved PSA stages can also be due to recent procedures, infection, surgery or prostate cancer

If your situation is more complex, your doctor might also recommend:

Transrectal ultrasound. An ultrasound probe is inserted into rectum to measure and evaluate prostate.

Prostate biopsy. Transrectal ultrasound guides needles used to take tissue samples (biopsies) of the prostate. Examining the tissue can help your health practitioner diagnose or rule out prostate cancer.

Urodynamic and stress glide studies. A catheter is threaded through your urethra into bladder. Water — or, less commonly, air — is slowly injected into your bladder. Your health practitioner can then measure bladder strain and determine how nicely your bladder muscle groups are working. These research are commonly used solely in guys with suspected neurological problems and in men who have had a previous prostate technique and still have symptoms.

Cystoscopy. A lighted, bendy instrument (cystoscope) is inserted into your urethra, allowing your health practitioner to see inner your urethra and bladder. You will be given a neighborhood anesthetic before this test.

5. What are the biological and physiological changes in the perimenopausal period?

The cyclic hormonal changes that regulate the menstrual cycle are a significant biological influence on the female body, one with both physical and emotional ramifications. Menstruation is governed by tightly orchestrated changes in the levels of ovarian estrogen and progesterone, which produce varying responses in diverse tissues and organs. The skin, the largest organ in the body, is replete with estrogen receptors (in both dermis and epidermis) and to a lesser extent, progesterone receptors. Cyclically fluctuating levels of estrogen and progesterone influence numerous characteristics of the epidermis, including skin surface lipid secretion and sebum production, skin thickness, fat deposition, skin hydration, and barrier function. Dermal collagen content, which contributes to skin elasticity and resistance to wrinkling, is also influenced. Interestingly, estrogen levels also influence skin pigmentation and UV susceptibility, as well as resident microflora. In addition, changing hormone levels across the menstrual cycle produce measurable variations in immune function and disease susceptibility. An understanding of the profound influence that fluctuating estrogen and progesterone levels have on the biological responses of the premenopausal adult woman is critical to optimizing the efficacy of medical therapies in this population.