Question

The first question: How does the management of organizations deal with individual differences in aspects of personality and perception in a way that ensures the achievement of its goals?

Answer 1

1.Because we each use our own expectations in judgment, people may form different impressions of the same person performing the same behavior.

2.Individual differences in the cognitive accessibility of a given personal characteristic may lead to more overlap in the descriptions provided by the same perceiver about different people than there is in those provided by different perceivers about the same target person.

3.People with a strong need for cognition make more causal attributions overall. Entity theorists tend to focus on the traits of other people and tend to make a lot of personal attributions, whereas incremental theorists tend to believe that personalities change a lot over time and therefore are more likely to make situational attributions for events.

4.Individual differences in attribution styles can influence how we respond to the negative events that we experience.

5.People who have extremely negative attribution styles, in which they continually make external, stable, and global attributions for their behavior, are said to be experiencing learned helplessness.

6.Self-handicapping is an attribution technique that prevents us from making ability attributions for our own failures.

7.Having a positive outlook is healthy, but it must be tempered. We cannot be unrealistic about what we can and cannot do.