Question

Understand how cells adapt to threats and demands, what are those adaptations called?

How do you know that the cells have adapted, as a nurse?

Know what inflammation is, how you would recognize it, and the pathophysiology behind it

Differentiate mediators of inflammation.

Differentiate staging and grading of cancers. What do each involve?

Understand how cancer spreads Understand the fight or flight system

Differentiate between different types of infection that we have talked about in lecture, (MRSA, Pneumonia, Influenza, Nosocomial, opportunistic)

Understand the stages of disease

Differentiate between adaptive and innate immunity

Understand what each immunoglobulin is and what it is responsible for Understand tests for flu and tb Differentiate between anaplasia, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia Understand the chemical mediators responsible for pain Differentiate between neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils Differentiate between local and systemic inflammation

Differentiate between passive and active acquired immunity

Define where antibodies are produced Differentiate each type of hypersensitivity reaction (1-4) Differentiate between autoimmunity and alloimmunity What are risk factors for mercury poisoning? What are risk factors for lead poisoning? What is the pathophysiology of frostbite?

Understand the 4 types of cellular injury that can occur and why.

Know the 2 different types of inflammation, local and peripheral, and examples of each.

Understand the different effusions that can happen with cancer and how you would know where in the body the cancer is from based on the effusion.

What are the tests that Professor Heine talked about during the cancer lecture that the nurse can use to help diagnose and what are each testing for specifically?

Understand the hormones that regulate hunger.

There are different types of stress, which one is good for you?

What can you do as a nurse to help ease someone who is feeling anxiety and stress?

Understand the different types of immunity and how the complement system effects them.

Who are at the most risk for alterations in immunity?

Answer 1

1. How cells adopt to threat

Cellular adoption is changes made by the cells in response to adverse environmental changes. Following are cellular adoption mechanisms,

Hypertrophy- increased size of organ due to increased size of cell

Hyperplasia- increased size of cell

Atrophy- decrease in size of the organ due to decrease in size and number of the cells

Metaplasia- reversible change where one type of differential cell is replaced by another type of cell.

Dysplasia- abnormal proliferation of cell size and shape. It is not true adoption. It is called as atypical hyperplasia.

2. How nurse can identify cellular adoption:

By physical assessment

Through radiological studies like x-ray, CT, MRI

Ultrasound

Biopsy

3. Inflammation

It is the part of immune response of the body to remove harmful stimuli and start healing process. If it persisting longer than necessary cause more harm than benefit.

Pain, redness, swelling, heat, immobility are the five acute signs of inflammation

Three main process during inflammation,

Release of inflammatory mediators initiate increased blood flow to the affected area

Increased capillary permeability leads to infiltration of fluid and protein

Release of neutrophils which contains enzymes digest microorganisms

4. Mediators of inflammation:

They are the substaces initiate and regulate inflammatory action.

Histamine

Seratonin

Prostoglandin

Leukotriene

Cytokines

Platelet activating factor

Nitric oxide

5. Difference between staging and grading of cancer:

Grading is done to identify how quickly the tumor will grow and spread to other organs.

It is done by degree of differentiation and growth rate of the tumor cells

Gx- grade cannot be assessed

G1- well differentiated

G2- moderately differentiated

G3- poorly differentiated

G4- undifferentiated

Staging is done to identify size or extend of the tumor and whether it has spreaded or not.

It is based on specific type of factors for different type of cancer.

TNM staging system,

T- tumor

N- node involvement

M- metastatic spread