Question

what is a bipolar disorder. give referencrs snd intext citation

Answer 1

BIPOLAR DISORDER

• Bipolar disorder is a mental illness marked by extreme shifts in mood.
• Symptoms can include an extremely elevated mood called mania
• They can also include episodes of depression.
• Bipolar disorder is also known as bipolar disease or manic depression
• Depression caused by bipolar disorder lasts at least 2 weeks.
• A high (manic) episode can last for several day or weeks.
• Some people will experience episodes of changes in mood several times a year, while others may experience them only rarely.

SYMPTOMS

There are 3 main symptoms that can occur with bipolar disorder

• mania
• hypomania
• depression

While experiencing mania, a person with bipolar disorder may feel an emotional high.

• They can feel excited, impulsive, euphoric and full of energy
• During manic episodes they may also engage in behaviour such as

1. Spending sprees
2. unprotected sex
3. drug use

During an episode of depression, patient may experience

• Deep sadness
• hopelessness
• loss of energy
• lack of interest in activities they once enjoyed
• periods of too little or too much sleep
• suicidal thoughts

BIPOLAR DISORDER SYMPTOMS IN WOMEN

• Be diagnosed later in life, in her 20s or 30s
• Have milder episodes of mania
• Experience more depressive episodes than manic episodes
• Have 4 or more episodes of mania and depression in a year, which is called rapid cycling
• Have a greater lifetie risk of alcohol use disorder

BIPOLAR DISORDER SYMPTOMS IN MEN

• Be diagnosed earlier in life
• Experience more severe episodes, especially manic episodes
• Have substance abuse issues
• Act out during manic episodes

TYPES OF BIPOLAR DISORDER

• Bipolar I
• Bipolar II
• Cyclothymia

BIPOLAR I

• Bipolar I is defined by the appearance of atleast one manic episode.
• Patient may experience hypomanic or major depressive episodes before and after the manic episode
• This type of bipolar disorder affects men and women equally

BIPOLAR II

• People with this type of bipolar disorder experience one major depressive episode that lasts atleast 2 weeks.
• Thet also have atleast one hypomanic episode that lasts about 4 days.
• This type of bipolar disorder is thought to be more common in women

CYCLOTHYMIA

• People with cyclothymia have episodes of hypomania and depression
• These symptoms are shorter and less severe than the mania and depression caused by bipolar I or bipolar II disorder
• Most people with this condition only experience a month or 2 at a time where their moods are stable.

BIPOLAR DISORDER SYMPTOMS TEST

• Physical examination
• Mental health evaluation
• Mood journal
• Diagnostic criteria

TREATMENT

1.medications may include

• Mood stabilizers such as lithium
• Antipsychotics such as olanzapine
• Antidepressant- antipsychotics such as fluoxetine- olanzapine
• Benzodiazepines such as alprazolam

2. Psychotherapy

• Cognitive behavioral therapy
• Psychoeducation
• Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy

Other treatment options

• Electroconvulsive therapy
• Sleep medications
• Supplements
• Acupuncture

REFERENCE

• Acharya N, Rosen AS, polzer JP, et al.
• Agosti V, steward JW. hypomania with and without dysphoria
• American Psychiatric Association. diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
• Ferrari A, Baxter A, Whiteford H A systematic review of the global distribution and availability of prevalence data for bipolar disorder
• Brady KT, Sonne S. The relationship between substance abuse and bipolar disorder