Question

definition of cervix cancer with intext citation and reference

Answer 1

Cervix cancer :-

It is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix — the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.

It is usually a slow-growing cancer that may not have symptoms but can be found with regular Pap tests (a procedure in which cells are scraped from the cervix and looked at under a microscope).

Various strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, play a role in causing most cervical cancer.

Stages of cervix cancer:-

• Stage 1a: Cancer involves the cervix but has not spread to nearby tissue. A very small amount of cancer that is only visible under a microscope is found deeper in the tissues of the cervix
• Stage 1b: Cancer involves the cervix but has not spread nearby. A larger amount of cancer is found in the tissues of the cervix
• Stage 2a: Cancer has spread to nearby areas, but is still inside the pelvic area. Cancer has spread beyond the cervix to the upper two thirds of the vagina.
• Stage 2b: Cancer has spread to nearby areas, but is still inside the pelvic area. Cancer has spread to the tissue around the cervix
• Stage 3: Cancer has spread throughout the pelvic area. Cancer cells may have spread to the lower part of the vagina. The cells also may have spread to block the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder (the ureters)
• Stage 4a: Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the bladder or rectum (organs close to the cervix)
• Stage 4b: Cancer has spread to distant organs, such as the lungs (organs far away from the cervix).

References:-

1.Kulasingam SL, Havrilesky L, Ghebre R, Myers ER. Screening for Cervical Cancer: A Decision Analysis for the US Preventive Services Task Force. AHRQ Publication No 11-05157-EF-1.Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2011.

2.American Cancer Society. Cervical Cancer. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2006. [19 April 2011].