Question

PLEASE INCLUDE IN-TEXT CITATION AND REFERENCE WITH IT I ALREADY DISLIKED TO ANSWERS FOR NOT FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS THANKS

write 2-3 paragraphs on the Baddeley-Hitch model.  You are required to cite a source. This means you need the in-text citation within your paragraph and the full reference at the end of your paragraphs. Please note that 40% of your grade for this assignment is based on including the in-text citation and the full reference. You may use your text, a book, a journal article or a website. Please ensure you are using a credible source.  Do not use Wikipedia. This is not a reliable or credible source! Do not use blogs. Use appropriate academic resources.  Look for websites that end in .gov or .edu instead of .com or .org.

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shiffrin had proposed a multi-store model during 1968, it was extremely successful and widely accepted. It was later on during 1974, that Baddeley and Hitch came up with an alternative model of short-term memory which they named as working memory. Alan Baddeley himself said that "I came to conclusion that there were two storage systems, a short-term phonological and a long-term semantically based system. I saw my work fitting into the pattern of evidence for separate STM and LTM stores."^[1] Later on Alan Baddeley was joined by Graham Hitch with whom he decided to investigate the link between STM and LTM.

Baddeley and Hitch ^[2] "attempted to tackle shortcoming and paradoxes posed by Atkinson’s and Shiffrin's model by studying the effect of disrupting short-term memory on the capacity of normal people to perform complex tasks such as reasoning, comprehending and learning." Their research led to proposing of their model in which they decided to split attentional control from temporary storage. Their original model had 3 components, namely: central executive (CE) which as the central controller; phonological loop, which was initially called as “articulatory loop,” was a loop rehearsal deemed necessary to maintain information and for storing it; visuo-spatial sketchpad which was for visual material. This model assumed that the CE was aided by 2 short-term storage systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad. ^[2]

According to this working model. Central executive (CE) drives the whole memory system and it is the component that allocates data to the subsystems or the other components. It monitors and coordinates the operations of subsystems. CE is also thought to be dealing with cognitive tasks such as mental arithmetic, logic, problem solving, etc.

Phonological loop is said to deal with spoken and written material. It contains 2 sub-components.

1. Phonological Store which is inked to speech perception and holds information regarding speech-based form. It has the duration of 1-2 seconds and is said to act like an inner ear.
2. Articulatory control process is linked to speech production and is said to rehearse and store information coming from the phonological store. It also converts written matter into articulatory code and transfers it to the phonological store. It is said to act like an inner voice rehearsing information.

Visuo-spatial sketchpad deals with storing and processing of information in a visual or spatial form. It is said to be similar to navigation system as it keeps track of us with reference to other objects around us. It also manipulates the information of Long term memory (LTM).

Later on, the model was added with a fourth component, called the episodic buffer. ^[3] This model was updated by Baddeley in 2000 to explain results of various other experiments that his previous model had failed to explain. This new component acts like an 'backup' store and it communicates as well as forms a bridge with both LTM and the components of working memory. ^[4] According to Baddeley "In its initial form, the buffer was assumed to play an active and attentionally-demanding role in binding together information from different sources, but further investigation suggests that it serves as a passive store rather than an active processor". ^[5]

REFERNCES

1. Alan Baddeley. Working Memory: Theories, Models, and Controversies. Annual Review Psychol. 2012. 63:1–29

2. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In G.H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). New York: Academic Press.

3. Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, (11): 417-423

4. McLeod, S. A. (2012). Working memory. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/working%20memory.html

5. A.D. Baddeley, G.J. Hitch, R.J. Allen. Working memory and binding in sentence recall. J. Mem. Lang., 61 (2009), pp. 438-456