Question

Please answer all of them!

Create a table of the following Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases:

1) Endocarditis

2) Malaria

3) Brucellosis

4) Tularemia

5) Toxoplasmosis

6) Plague

7) Dengue fever

8) Infectious Mononucleosis

9) Ebola

10) Lyme disease

11) Cytomegalovirus Disease

Create columns as shown below:

Name of Disease	Causative Agent(s)	Common Mode of Transmission	Pathogenesis and Virulence factors	Epidemiology	Prevention and Treatment

Answer 1

Name of disease	Causative agents	MOT	Pathogenesis and virulent factors	Epidemiology	Prevention and treatment
Endocarditis	Bartonella henselae bacilli, Staphylococci, Streptococci	The infections of other organs travel to heart. Most commonly believed to be denture infections.	Preparation of the cardiac valve for bacterial adherence adhesion of circulating bacteria to the prepared valvular surface Survival of the adherent bacteria on the surface, with propagation of the infected vegetation.	This I quite rare, and found in 15 out of 100000 population. The predisposed people are usually one with chronic internal infections or with heart disease such as rheumatic heart.	Treating the infections of the body with penicillin based antibiotics, if the valve are damaged then surgery may also be required.
Malaria	Plasmodium species	female anopheles mosquitoes bites or by infected blood transfusion	Infected mosquito inject the sporozoites present in the mosquito's saliva, which enter the bloodstream and migrate to the liver where they infect hepatocytes, and multiply asexually and do not produce any symptoms. After the dormant period (5-30days) in the liver, the organism differentiate to yield thousands of merozoites, which rupture their host cells and then, escape into the blood and infect red blood cells to begin the erythrocytic stage of the life cycle. Within the red blood cells, the parasites multiply again asexually, intermittently breaking out of red blood cells to invade fresh red blood cells. The cycle continues.	Malaria is a worldwide disease, but the developing world is on more risk than developed countries. Sub-Saharan African countries are at highest risk. 214 million cases are reported every year resulting in 438000 deaths in 2015. Eurpoean countries has reported around 15000 cases of malaria and USA approximately 1300-1500	Antimalarial drugs such as artemisinin, quinine based drugs are used, for fever analgesics and antipyretics are also used. Prevention against Mosquitoes is of utmost importance. Mosquito repellents, nets and stagnant water drainage are some measures that could be taken.
Brucellosis	Brucella species (gram negative coccobacilli)	Ingestion of unpasteurised milk, raw meat, infected animals and contact with their secretions	In the first stage of the disease, bacteraemia occurs and leads to the triad of surging fevers, sweating (characteristic foul mouldy smell) and migratory arthralgia and myalgia (joint and muscle pain). Low WBCs, high liver enzymes and Gastrointestinal symptoms occur in approximately 70% of cases which include nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, unintentional constipation, weight loss, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, an enlarged liver, liver inflammation, liver abscess, and an enlarged spleen.	Farm animals are frequently infected by this bacteria which then spread to humans, European countries reports more cases than rest of the world.	There are vaccines for this disease and some countries has made it mandatory to vaccinate the cattle, the milk and meat should be thoroughly boiled and cooked. Avoiding contact with secretion is another measure that could be taken. If the disease has been caught then treatment includes broad spectrum antibiotics such as tetracyclines, rifampin, aminoglycosides etc