Question

Please give explanation

Fluid and electrolytes/ acid base balance

1. What effect would an infusion of 200 mL of albumin have on a healthy client’s plasma osmotic and hydrostatic pressures?

a. Increased osmotic pressure, increased hydrostatic pressure

b. Increased osmotic pressure, decreased hydrostatic pressure

c. Decreased osmotic pressure, increased hydrostatic pressure

d. Decreased osmotic pressure, increased hydrostatic pressure

2. Why does pulmonary edema form in a client who has left-sided heart failure?

a. Increased blood volume in pulmonary vessels, increased blood osmotic pressure

b. Increase blood volume in pulmonary vessels, decreased blood osmotic pressure

c. Increased volume in pulmonary vessels, increased blood hydrostatic pressure

d. Increased blood volume in pulmonary vessels, decreased blood hydrostatic pressure

3. Which condition is most likely to cause formation of edema?

a. Increased plasma osmotic pressure, increased plasma hydrostatic pressure

b. Increased plasma osmotic pressure, decreased plasma hydrostatic pressure

c. Decreased plasma osmotic pressure, increased plasma hydrostatic pressure

d. Decreased plasma osmotic pressure, decreased plasma hydrostatic pressure

4. Which assessment technique would be the best for the nurse ot use to determine the adequacy of circulation in a client whose blood osmolarity is 250 mOsm/L?

a. Checking urine output

b. Measuring abdominal girth

c. Monitoring fluid intake

d. Comparing the radial pulse with the apical pulse

5. Which specific condition triggers the “thirst” center in the hypothalamus?

a. Hyperosmolar extracellular fluid

b. Hypo-osmolar extracellular fluid

c. Elevated serum potassium level

d. Decreased serum potassium level

6. What is the expected client response to the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on urine output and osmolarity?

a. Increased urine output, increased urine osmolarity

b. Increased urine output, decreased urine osmolarity

c. Decreased urine output, increased urine osmolarity

d. Decreased urine output, decreased urine osmolarity

7. Which condition would trigger the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

a. Hypovolemia with interstitial edema formation

b. Hypervolemia with increased venous return

c. Hypernatremia secondary to dehydration

d. Hyperkalemia secondary to trauma

8. The client is taking a medication for an endocrine problem that inhibits aldosterone secretion and release. For what complications of this therapy should the nurse be alert?

a. Dehydration, hypokalemia

b. Dehydration, hyperkalemia

c. Overhydration, hyponatremia

d. Overhydration, hypernatremia

9. The client has a chronic condition in which the kidney overexcretes calcium. What clinical manifestation should the nurse observe for as a result of this problem?

a. Hypertension

b. Dependent edema

c. Increased bleeding tendency

d. Decreased deep tendon reflexes

10. Which statement made to the home care nurse by the client at risk for dehydration indicates a correct understanding of prevention and clinical manifestation of dehydration?

a. “I must drink a quart of liquids each day.”

b. “I will weigh myself every morning before I eat or drink.”

c. “I will use a salt substitute when preparing and eating my meals.”

d. “I will drink no liquids after 6 pm so I won’t have to get up at night.”

11. Which assessment data obtained by the home care nurse suggests that a 74-year-old client may be dehydrated?

a. The client has dry skin on the upper and lower extremities

b. The client states that he gets up three or more times during the night to urinate

c. The client states that he feels lightheaded when he gets out of bed or stands up

d. The nurse observes tenting of the skin on the back of the hand when testing skin turgor.

12. Which intervention for the client with overhydration-induced confusion is most likely to relieve the confusion?

a. Measuring intake and output

b. Slowing the IV flow rate to 50 mL/hour

c. Administering diuretic agents as prescribed

d. Increasing the clients fluid intake

13. Which action should the nurse take first when discovering that the client with hypotonic Overhydration has a serum sodium level of 119 mEq/L?

a. Document the finding as the only action

b. Administer oxygen by nasal cannula

c. Call the emergency team

d. Increase the IV flow rate

14. Which client is at greatest risk for acidosis?

a. The 78- year-old client on diuretic therapy with lasix

b. The 62-year-old client with moderated hypertension

c. The 75-year-old client with peptic ulcer disease

d. The 45-year old client with pneumonia

Answer 1

1). a. Increased osmotic pressure, increased hydrostatic pressure

According to the concentration of the solute, the water move through the membrane (osmosis), this ability of osmosis to draw water to build up certain pressure is called osmotic pressure. The osmotic pressure increases with increase in solute concentration. The hydrostatic pressure also increases as the volume increases.

2). c. Increased volume in pulmonary vessels, increased blood hydrostatic pressure

Left-sided heart failure results in quick failure of heat to supply the oxygenated blood to the body organs. As a consequence, blood will pool up in the lungs (left lung) and the volume and hydrostatic pressure increase, causing difficulty in breathing, chest congestion, which are the common symptoms of left-sided heart failure. There are many aetiological factors that contribute to the left-sided heart failure that include defects in heart functioning, altered neurohumoral and hormonal responses, etc. one of the causes of left-sided heart failure include mitral valve defect.

The oxygenated blood is pumped to the body from the left side of the heart, so, the left side AV valve failure impairs the oxygen supply to the cells. The symptoms include dyspnea, bluish discoloration of the skin, etc.