Question

Discuss in depth the effect of renal failure on the other body systems. Must address metabolic changes (including fluid/electrolytes & acid/base), cardiovascular, hematologic and gastrointestinal changes. 

Answer 1

RENAL FAILURE results when the kidneys cannot remove the body's metabolic wastes or perform their regulatory functions. EFFECTS: 1. It causes severe damage to the tubular epithelial cells due to ischemia. 2. electrolyte imbalance which may be exacerabated by the retention of potassium (hyperkalaemia)released from damaged cells anywhere in the body. 3. ACIDOSIS occurs due to hydrogen ion retention. 4. ANAEMIA occurs due to DEFICIENCY OF ERYTHROPOIETIN 5. thrombocytopenia occurs 6.SERUM CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS levels have a reciprocal relationship (one increases and the other decreases). 7. muscle protein breakdown due to excessive release of aminoacids. 8. changes in plasma amino acids due to impaired amino acid transport 9.the active metabolite of vitamin D decreases. 10. hypertension occurs due to sodium and water retention. 11. HEART FAILURE and PULMONARY EDEMA occurs due to FLUID OVERLOAD. 12.PERICARDITIS occurs due to irritation of the pericardial lining by uremic toxins. 13. ammonia odor to breath( UREMIC FETOR) due to inadequate dialysis 14. haemorrhage occurs due to increased blood pressure 15.hyperphosphatemia due to reduced phosphate excretion 16.pericardial tamponade occurs 17. pericardial effusion occurs 18. focal segmental glomerulosclerosis occurs due to kidney failure. 19. pyelonephritis occurs due to the inflammation of the renal pelvis 20.cardiogenic shock occurs due to impaired cardiac performance.