Question

Read and write about the following subjects:

A) Asthma and COPD. Description. Etiology. Clinical Manifestations. Nursing Assessment, diagnosis and management.

B) Methods of Oxygen Administration.

Answer 1

1. ASTHMA

common lung disorder in which inflammation causes the bronchi to swell and narrow the airways, which creates difficulty in breathing and wheezing.

1.   Etiology. Airborne allergens, such as pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander or particles of cockroach waste.

• Respiratory infections, such as the common cold.
• Physical activity.
• Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke.

Clinical manifestations

Shortness of breath

Chest tightness or pain

Wheezing when exhaling, which is a common sign of asthma in children

Trouble sleeping caused by shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing

Coughing or wheezing attacks that are worsened by a respiratory virus, such as a cold or the flu

Nursing assessment

We can first assess and is very important to check the patient's respiratory status by monitoring severity of symptoms

   # Assess the breath sound. ,assess the patients peak flow, assess the level of oxygen saturation through pulse oximeter.

Nursing diagnosis

# Ineffective breathing pattern

# Ineffective airway clearance

# Deficient konwledge

# Anxiety

# Activity intolerence

# Interrupted family process

# Fatigue.

management

The goal of management of asthma is ensure there is an adequate oxygen intake.

# Evaluate respiratory rate. ( depth and breath sound)

# Assist the client to maintain a comfortable position.

# Encourage or instruct in deep breathing and directed coughing exercise

# Obtain history and recent medication use. Particularly theophylline preparations ,steroids and inhalers.

# Obtain baseline data for respiratory functions.

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

COPD is a long term lung condition which cause difficulty in breathing

Causes

Long term exposure to things which irritate the lungs like cigarettes, pipes, other type of tobacco use. Secondary smoke also one of ana important cause ( inhaling the cigarate smoke which is coming out) if you have  been exposed to things like dust, air pollution, or certain chemicals for long periods of time.

Symptoms

A cough that doesn't go away

Coughing up lots of mucus

Shortness of breath, especially when you’re physically active

Wheezing or squeaking when you breathe

Tightness in the chest

Frequent colds or flu

Blue fingernails

Low energy

Losing weight without trying (in later stages)

Swollen legs or ankles.

Nursing assessment

It is important to Assess the patient's past and present medical history. Assess the signs and symptoms of COPD and their severity. Assess the patient's knowledge of the disease. Assess the patient's vital signs.

Nursing diagnosis

In effective airway clearance

Impared gas exchange

Ineffective breathing pattern

Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements

Risk for infection

Deficient knowledge

Activity intolerance

Nursing management

Assessment of the respiratory system should be done rapidly yet accurately.

• Assess patient’s exposure to risk factors.
• Assess the patient’s past and present medical history.
• Assess the signs and symptoms of COPD and their severity.
• Assess the patient’s knowledge of the disease.
• Assess the patient’s vital signs.
• Assess breath sounds and pattern