Question

What is the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease? What lifestyle changes (treatment approaches) do you recommend that chronic kidney disease patients avoid? Why are hypertension and anemia coded with chronic kidney disease?

Answer 1

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Chronic kidney disease is a condition in which the kidney gradually loss the ability to filter the waste and excess fluid from the blood,as a result waste builds up within the body.Kidney disease is a long lasting condition where it end up in renal failure.

ETIOLOGY

• Hypertension
• Type 1 or type 2 diabetes
• Glomerulonephritis
• Polycystic kidney disease
• Any prolonged obstruction or cancer of urinary tract
• Polynephritis

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Fatigue or weakness
• Sleep disturbance
• Loss of appetite
• Noticable changes in the urine output
• Swelling of feet and ankles
• Persistend itching
• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• High blood pressure
• Cramps and muscle twisting
• Cloudiness for thinking

RISK FACTORS

These factors increase the chance of developing chronic kidney disease

• Smoking
• Obesity
• High blood pressure
• Diabetes
• Cardiovascular disease
• Family history of kidney disease
• Older age
• Abnormal kidney structure

PREVENTION

1. MAINTAIN HEALTHY WEIGHT:It is very important to reduce weight and stay healthy to avoid risk of kidney disease.
2. .DON'T SMOKE:Smoking can adversely damage the kidney or worsen the condition further more.
3. KEEP DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION UNDER CONTROL:Uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension damage the kidney.
4. FOLLOW THE MEDICATION AND LIFESTYLE AS PER MEDICAL ADVISE:it is very important to stay in the limits to reduce the damage ,like Doctor may advise to drink only limited amount of water and it is very important to follow that or the patient will endup in breathlessness and other complications.

TREATMENT

The medications will be given to reduce the complication of the condition

1. The physician may prescribe medications for :

• Lower the cholestrol level
• Maintain the blood pressure
• Medication to treat anemia
• Medication for swelling
• Medication to protect bones

2.Treatment for end stage kidney disease:

• Dialysis
• Kidney transplant

ANEMIA IN CKD IS A CLINICAL MANIFESTATION ,When the kidney is damaged it will not produce enough EPO as a result bone marrow will produce less RBCs which result in anemia so,anemia in CKD is coded.Hypertension in CKD include different reasons like volume overload ,over activity,changes in hormones etc.Hypertension is considered as the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease.