Question

ESSENTIALS & PRACTICE IN GLOBAL HEALTH NURSING

Identify the key components of a health system

Summarize the health services provided at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels

Compare and contrast models of health systems in selected countries

Describe key challenges faced by health systems in low and middle income countries

Cite examples of successful interventions and policies to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of health systems in low and middle income countries

Answer 1

The key components of a well functioning health system .A well functioning health system responds in a balanced way to a population's needs and expectations by as listed below;-

• Improving the health status of the individual , families and the communities
• Defending the population against what threatens its health
• Protecting people against the financial consequences of ill- health.
• Providing equitable access to people - centered care .

The health service divide on different Three level ;- primary , secondary and tertiary level .

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

primary health care denotes the first level of contact between individual and the families with the health systems .The primary health care was to served the community it served , it include the care of mother and the child which included the family planning , immunizations , prevention of locally endemic diseases , treatment of common disease or injuries , provision of essential facilities , health education , provision of food and nutrition and adequate supply of safe drinking water .

In India , primary health care is provided through a network of sub centres and primary health centres in rural areas , wheresas in urban areas, it is provided through health posts and family welfare centres . The subcenters consists of ane Auxillary Nurse Midwife and Multipurpose Health Worker and serves a population of 5000 in plains and 3000 persons in hilly and tribal areas . The primary Health centres ( PHC) , staffed by medical Officers and other paramedical staff that serves every 3000 population in the plains and 20,000 persons in hilly , tribal and backward areas , Each PHC is to serves 6 Sub centres .

SECONDARY HEALTH CARE

The secondary health care refers to a second tier of health system , in which patient from the primary health care are referred to specialists in the higher hospitals for treatment ,

In India , the health centres for teh secondary health care include District hospitals and community Health centre at block level .

TERITARY HEALTH CARE

Tertiary Health care refers to a third level of health systems , In which specialized consultative care is provided usually on referral from primary and secondary medical care . Specialised Intensive care units , advanced diagnostic support and specialized medical personnel on the key features of the tertiary health care ;

In India , under public health systems , tertiary care servisce is provided by the medical colleges and advanced medical research institutes .

While low and middle income countries have been struggling with the communicable disease for the many previous years , Now it stuck with the noncommunicable disease and road trffic accidients that putting them in triple burden . The noncommunicable disease such as cardiovascular disease , mental illness , diabetes , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer s that have become an emerging pandemic in low and middle income countries . According teh estimation of WHO that non communicable disease will account for 80 percent of the global burden of disease and 70 percent of deaths the majority of theburden and dealth being in low and middle income countries . The transition from the communicable disease to non - communicable disease and road traffic acidents in low and middle income countriea is being catalyzed by teh ongoing economic development , urbanization and challging lifestyle .

As the treatment of non - communicable disease and injuries is very expensive , prevention programs should be the way forward to keep citizens healty and productive .Although the use of low and mid-level workers in the prevntion of non- communicable disease that has proven effective in high income countries . As this limited effectiveness in low and middle - income countries could be because of poor implementation , proper system creation should be emphasized to yeild the better outcomes .